1 Samuel Chapter 12
Samuel’s Speech at Saul’s Coronation
A. Testimony to Samuel’s Integrity
1. (1 Samuel 12:1–3)
Now Samuel said to all Israel, “Indeed I have heeded your voice in all that you said to me, and have made a king over you. And now here is the king, walking before you; and I am old and grayheaded, and look, my sons are with you. I have walked before you from my childhood to this day. Here I am. Witness against me before the LORD and before His anointed: Whose ox have I taken, or whose donkey have I taken, or whom have I cheated? Whom have I oppressed, or from whose hand have I received any bribe with which to blind my eyes? I will restore it to you.”
Samuel stood before Israel as both prophet and judge, marking a transition in leadership from the theocratic rule of judges to the monarchy under Saul. His opening words reflected submission to the people’s demand, as he said, “Indeed I have heeded your voice in all that you said to me, and have made a king over you.” Though this decision originated from the nation’s desire to be like other nations, Samuel emphasized that he had obeyed their request, even though it grieved him because it represented a rejection of the LORD’s direct rule (1 Samuel 8:7).
Samuel presented himself transparently before the entire nation. By declaring, “Here I am. Witness against me before the LORD and before His anointed,” he placed himself under divine scrutiny and the testimony of Saul, God’s newly appointed king. This public declaration was not prideful but humble, intended to affirm his integrity before God and man. It revealed Samuel’s confidence in the blamelessness of his record. He had led Israel faithfully from his youth, never enriching himself unjustly nor oppressing the people for personal gain.
The statement, “Whose ox have I taken, or whose donkey have I taken?” underscored his refusal to abuse his position for material advantage. Oxen and donkeys represented essential sources of livelihood, so this claim demonstrated Samuel’s restraint in not burdening the nation for personal benefit. His leadership contrasted sharply with the corrupt sons he had previously removed from service (1 Samuel 8:3), a painful yet necessary act of obedience to God.
When Samuel said, “My sons are with you,” he acknowledged their presence among the people as common men, no longer in positions of authority. This testified to Samuel’s impartiality. He did not allow familial ties to interfere with righteousness. As commentator Adam Clarke notes, the phrase implies that Samuel had indeed stripped them of public office, submitting to the will of the people and to divine justice.
By reminding them, “I have walked before you from my childhood to this day,” Samuel pointed to a lifetime of consistent service. From his early years under Eli’s mentorship at Shiloh (1 Samuel 2:18, 3:1), he had lived as a servant of the LORD. His phrase “walked before you” implied not mere visibility but guidance, as a shepherd walking before his flock. Samuel’s spiritual leadership was defined by humility and faithful obedience.
His closing challenge, “Whom have I cheated? Whom have I oppressed? … I will restore it to you,” demonstrated both transparency and accountability. Samuel’s conscience was clear, yet he opened the door for correction should any wrongdoing exist. This act reflected a leader’s heart fully submitted to God, unwilling to leave unresolved offenses.
Samuel’s declaration of innocence served a vital purpose: to leave Saul with a clean inheritance. By showing that his own leadership was without reproach, Samuel ensured that Saul could not blame future failure on the past administration. If Saul’s reign faltered, it would not be because Samuel left him a corrupt system, but because of Saul’s own disobedience. Samuel’s life illustrated Proverbs 20:7: “The just man walketh in his integrity: his children are blessed after him.”
In all of this, Samuel modeled godly transition and humility. He did not cling to power or undermine the new king. Instead, he demonstrated how a man of God can faithfully pass leadership to another while maintaining honor before God and men.
2. (1 Samuel 12:4–5) Israel Affirms the Blameless Leadership of Samuel
And they said, “You have not cheated us or oppressed us, nor have you taken anything from any man’s hand.” Then he said to them, “The LORD is witness against you, and His anointed is witness this day, that you have not found anything in my hand.” And they answered, “He is witness.”
Here the nation of Israel responded to Samuel’s public challenge with an open confession of his integrity. They declared, “You have not cheated us or oppressed us, nor have you taken anything from any man’s hand.” This collective acknowledgment confirmed that Samuel’s leadership had been both righteous and selfless. Unlike many who use power for personal enrichment or control, Samuel had led for the sake of the people and the glory of God. His motivation was service, not self-interest. This testimony reflected the character of a man who lived blamelessly before both God and men, fulfilling the standard later echoed in the New Testament: “Providing for honest things, not only in the sight of the Lord, but also in the sight of men” (2 Corinthians 8:21).
Israel’s affirmation demonstrated unity and agreement in recognizing Samuel’s just rule. No one could accuse him of exploiting his authority or mistreating the people. He had not cheated, oppressed, or accepted bribes; he had governed with integrity. This was the mark of a man whose conscience was pure, echoing Paul’s own words: “And herein do I exercise myself, to have always a conscience void of offence toward God, and toward men” (Acts 24:16).
Samuel then solemnly responded, saying, “The LORD is witness against you, and His anointed is witness this day, that you have not found anything in my hand.” With this, Samuel officially closed his case before the nation. He invoked both divine and royal witnesses: the LORD Himself and His anointed, King Saul. The repetition of “His anointed” in this passage signified Samuel’s deliberate inclusion of Saul in the proceedings. This confirmed to the nation that the leadership mantle had now fully passed to the king whom God had chosen and Samuel had anointed (1 Samuel 10:1). Samuel’s inclusion of Saul symbolized continuity of leadership under God’s authority.
The statement, “you have not found anything in my hand,” expressed more than financial honesty—it spoke of moral purity. To have “nothing in one’s hand” means no unjust gain, no exploitation, and no corruption. Samuel’s record was spotless. This kind of transparent accountability before both God and man is rare in leadership. His life reflected Proverbs 22:1: “A good name is rather to be chosen than great riches, and loving favour rather than silver and gold.”
The people responded, “He is witness,” affirming both the LORD and His anointed as witnesses to Samuel’s innocence. This formalized the testimony, leaving a public record of Samuel’s faithfulness. It also ensured that any future accusation against him would be false. If Israel ever attempted to justify future failures by blaming Samuel, their own words here would stand as a witness against them.
Samuel’s actions set a powerful example for godly leadership. He did not seek vindication through pride or self-defense; rather, he allowed truth to speak for itself. He stood before the nation and before God with clean hands and a pure heart. This integrity mirrored the character of the righteous man described in Psalm 24:3–4: “Who shall ascend into the hill of the LORD? or who shall stand in his holy place? He that hath clean hands, and a pure heart; who hath not lifted up his soul unto vanity, nor sworn deceitfully.”
Samuel’s leadership model demonstrates that true spiritual authority is never self-serving but always God-serving. His farewell testimony reminds every believer that godly influence does not end with a position but continues through a legacy of integrity.
B. Samuel Challenges Israel to Serve God under Their New King
1. (1 Samuel 12:6–12)
Then Samuel said to the people, “It is the LORD who raised up Moses and Aaron, and who brought your fathers up from the land of Egypt. Now therefore, stand still, that I may reason with you before the LORD concerning all the righteous acts of the LORD which He did to you and your fathers: When Jacob had gone into Egypt, and your fathers cried out to the LORD, then the LORD sent Moses and Aaron, who brought your fathers out of Egypt and made them dwell in this place. And when they forgot the LORD their God, He sold them into the hand of Sisera, commander of the army of Hazor, into the hand of the Philistines, and into the hand of the king of Moab; and they fought against them. Then they cried out to the LORD, and said, ‘We have sinned, because we have forsaken the LORD and served the Baals and Ashtoreths; but now deliver us from the hand of our enemies, and we will serve You.’ And the LORD sent Jerubbaal, Bedan, Jephthah, and Samuel, and delivered you out of the hand of your enemies on every side; and you dwelt in safety. And when you saw that Nahash king of the Ammonites came against you, you said to me, ‘No, but a king shall reign over us,’ when the LORD your God was your king.”
Samuel reminded Israel of their spiritual heritage and the faithfulness of God throughout their history. His purpose was not merely to recount facts but to call the people to accountability. By saying, “stand still, that I may reason with you before the LORD concerning all the righteous acts of the LORD,” Samuel called Israel to stop and reflect. Reflection before God always precedes repentance and renewal. Israel’s history was filled with the evidence of God’s mercy, deliverance, and righteousness, yet also of their continual rebellion.
Samuel began his review with God’s deliverance from Egypt, saying, “It is the LORD who raised up Moses and Aaron, and who brought your fathers up from the land of Egypt.” Israel’s national identity began in the Exodus. God’s hand, not human effort, had redeemed them from bondage. The very existence of Israel in the Promised Land was a testimony to the LORD’s covenant faithfulness. The phrase “and made them dwell in this place” reminded them that their blessings and inheritance were gifts of God’s grace, not achievements of their own strength.
Next, Samuel reminded them of the pattern of sin and deliverance that characterized the time of the Judges: “And when they forgot the LORD their God, He sold them into the hand of Sisera... the Philistines... and the king of Moab.” The repetition of this cycle—sin, oppression, repentance, and deliverance—revealed the righteousness of God in both judgment and mercy. God’s chastening was as much a righteous act as His deliverance. As the writer of Hebrews later declared, “For whom the Lord loveth he chasteneth, and scourgeth every son whom he receiveth” (Hebrews 12:6). Divine discipline, though painful, was intended to bring Israel back to covenant obedience.
When Israel cried out, “We have sinned, because we have forsaken the LORD and served the Baals and Ashtoreths; but now deliver us... and we will serve You,” God responded with mercy. He sent deliverers—Jerubbaal (Gideon), Bedan (likely Barak or Samson), Jephthah, and Samuel himself. Through these men, the LORD delivered Israel “out of the hand of your enemies on every side.” Samuel included his own name in the list not out of pride, but to show that God had been working through His chosen servants even up to their present day.
Each of these men represented the LORD’s righteousness in action. Gideon delivered Israel from the Midianites (Judges 6–8). Barak led Israel against Sisera (Judges 4–5). Jephthah saved them from the Ammonites (Judges 11–12). Samuel, by prayer and leadership, had delivered them from the Philistines (1 Samuel 7). These deliverances were not coincidences—they were deliberate acts of divine grace in response to confession and repentance.
Samuel then brought their attention to the most recent example of God’s help: “And when you saw that Nahash king of the Ammonites came against you, you said to me, ‘No, but a king shall reign over us,’ when the LORD your God was your king.” This reference to Nahash pointed to the events of 1 Samuel 11, when God empowered Saul to deliver Israel. Even though the LORD had just proven His faithfulness, Israel still demanded a human king. Their request was an act of carnal rebellion—preferring human leadership over divine sovereignty.
By saying, “when the LORD your God was your king,” Samuel exposed the heart of their sin. God had never failed them. Every defeat came only when they forsook Him. Yet even in their rebellion, God graciously granted them a king, accommodating their weakness while still maintaining His covenant purposes.
Samuel’s purpose in rehearsing this history was twofold: first, to remind Israel of God’s unbroken record of righteousness, and second, to convict them of their repeated unfaithfulness. The righteous acts of the LORD formed the foundation for their obedience under the new monarchy. They were to understand that serving the king could never replace serving God. True loyalty to the crown must always flow from loyalty to the throne of Heaven.
This history lesson was not merely academic; it was moral and spiritual. Israel needed to remember that their prosperity depended upon obedience, not upon the presence of a human king. As Psalm 33:16–17 declares, “There is no king saved by the multitude of an host: a mighty man is not delivered by much strength. An horse is a vain thing for safety: neither shall he deliver any by his great strength.”
2. (1 Samuel 12:13–15) If You Fear the LORD: A Choice for Israel
“Now therefore, here is the king whom you have chosen and whom you have desired. And take note, the LORD has set a king over you. If you fear the LORD and serve Him and obey His voice, and do not rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then both you and the king who reigns over you will continue following the LORD your God. However, if you do not obey the voice of the LORD, but rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then the hand of the LORD will be against you, as it was against your fathers.”
Samuel, having rehearsed Israel’s history, now presented the nation with a solemn and immediate choice. The phrase, “Here is the king whom you have chosen and whom you have desired,” carries a tone of divine concession. Israel had insisted on a monarchy despite God’s warnings, desiring to be like the surrounding nations (1 Samuel 8:19–20). Samuel’s words implied, “This is the king you wanted; not necessarily the king you needed.” Yet even in this human demand, “the LORD has set a king over you,” emphasizing that God, in His sovereignty, allowed and established the monarchy according to His permissive will. God overruled their rebellion to accomplish His greater redemptive purposes, just as He later would through the line of David and ultimately through Christ.
Samuel then set before them two clear paths. “If you fear the LORD and serve Him and obey His voice… then both you and the king who reigns over you will continue following the LORD your God.” Though Israel’s request for a king was born of disobedience, God still extended mercy. The nation was not beyond redemption. The call to fear the LORD—to reverence Him with holy awe, love, and obedience—was the same foundational command that governed the covenant from the beginning. As Proverbs 9:10 declares, “The fear of the LORD is the beginning of wisdom: and the knowledge of the holy is understanding.”
Samuel’s statement revealed that their future blessing was conditional. God’s favor would not automatically rest upon them or their king. Obedience to the voice of the LORD was the determining factor. This was a continuation of the same principle found in Deuteronomy 28, where blessings and curses were tied to obedience or rebellion. The monarchy would not alter God’s covenant expectations; both people and king were equally accountable to His Word.
The statement, “If you do not obey the voice of the LORD, but rebel against the commandment of the LORD, then the hand of the LORD will be against you,” served as a sober warning. God’s hand could be either for blessing or for judgment. The same hand that delivered Israel from Egypt could just as easily strike in discipline. To rebel against His commandments was to invite His opposition. The phrase “as it was against your fathers” reminded them that God’s dealings are consistent—He is not partial, and His righteousness does not change from one generation to another. As Malachi 3:6 declares, “For I am the LORD, I change not; therefore ye sons of Jacob are not consumed.”
Samuel understood that every generation tends to believe it is an exception to divine law. Israel’s fathers had been judged for idolatry, unbelief, and rebellion, yet the people now stood in the same spiritual danger. Samuel’s message cut through complacency, calling them to humble submission before God. The past was not to be forgotten but used as a warning. Paul later echoed this principle in 1 Corinthians 10:11: “Now all these things happened unto them for ensamples: and they are written for our admonition, upon whom the ends of the world are come.”
Though Israel’s decision to demand a king represented disobedience, God’s mercy still provided a path forward. One wrong turn did not place them beyond His plan. God called them to faithfulness where they now stood. If they would fear, serve, and obey Him under the new monarchy, He would continue to bless them and their king. But rebellion would bring His hand against them, just as it had in the days of the judges.
This was a defining moment for Israel—a covenant renewal under a new form of leadership. God would still rule as King of kings; Saul would merely serve as His instrument. The success or failure of the nation would not rest in human strength but in submission to divine authority.
3. (1 Samuel 12:16–18) God Confirms Samuel’s Word with a Sign
“Now therefore, stand and see this great thing which the LORD will do before your eyes: Is today not the wheat harvest? I will call to the LORD, and He will send thunder and rain, that you may perceive and see that your wickedness is great, which you have done in the sight of the LORD, in asking a king for yourselves.” So Samuel called to the LORD, and the LORD sent thunder and rain that day; and all the people greatly feared the LORD and Samuel.
Samuel now called Israel to witness a supernatural confirmation of his words. He said, “Stand and see this great thing which the LORD will do before your eyes.” The people had heard Samuel’s warning concerning their sin, but hearing was not enough; they needed to see the manifestation of divine authority. This act was not to satisfy curiosity but to confront hardened hearts that had grown dull to conviction. Samuel knew the people had become spiritually desensitized, so he sought a visible sign from God that would pierce through their complacency.
He continued, “Is today not the wheat harvest? I will call to the LORD, and He will send thunder and rain, that you may perceive and see that your wickedness is great.” In Israel, the wheat harvest occurred between May and June—a dry season when rain was virtually unheard of. For thunder and rain to suddenly strike during that time would be a clear, miraculous act of God. The sign was meant to awaken the conscience of the nation, impressing upon them the seriousness of their sin in demanding a king apart from God’s will. The LORD’s display of power was both merciful and corrective—it was a call to repentance, not destruction.
The timing of this miracle was significant. Samuel and the LORD waited until after Saul had been established as king to send this sign. There were several reasons for this divine delay:
God’s purpose in allowing Saul to reign had to be fulfilled. The people needed to experience firsthand the kind of king they desired before they could understand the difference between their will and God’s will.
Had the sign come earlier, Israel might have rashly rejected Saul just as hastily as they had demanded him, committing another act of rebellion.
By waiting, Samuel’s motives were clear. He could not be accused of bitterness or jealousy toward Saul. The miracle now validated his message as purely prophetic, not personal.
The people’s enthusiasm over Saul’s early victories (1 Samuel 11:15) risked becoming misplaced confidence in human leadership. The thunderstorm was therefore intended to humble them and redirect their reverence back to God.
When the sign occurred—“The LORD sent thunder and rain that day”—it carried profound implications. Not only was it a display of divine might, but it also symbolized potential judgment. In that agricultural society, heavy rain during the wheat harvest could ruin the crops and threaten the nation’s livelihood. Proverbs 26:1 notes, “As snow in summer, and as rain in harvest, so honour is not seemly for a fool.” Rain at that season was unnatural, signaling divine displeasure. It was as if God Himself said, “Your sin has brought disturbance to what should have been a time of peace and fruitfulness.”
The text concludes, “and all the people greatly feared the LORD and Samuel.” Their fear was genuine yet shallow. They were moved by the immediate manifestation of God’s power rather than by deep spiritual conviction. The fear was real but reactive. They should have feared God from faith, not from fright. This moment revealed how weak their relationship with the LORD truly was—they knew of His power intellectually, but they had not internalized it spiritually.
Nevertheless, the event demonstrated the power of intercessory prayer. Samuel said, “I will call to the LORD, and He will send thunder and rain,” and the LORD immediately answered. His prayer life carried weight in heaven because it was rooted in obedience and fellowship with God. Scripture later affirms this reputation: “Moses and Aaron among his priests, and Samuel among them that call upon his name; they called upon the LORD, and he answered them” (Psalm 99:6). Jeremiah 15:1 likewise references Samuel as one whose prayers could stand between God’s wrath and the people’s destruction.
Samuel’s prayer powerfully illustrated the relationship between prophetic authority and divine response. When a servant of God walks faithfully before Him, heaven listens. The thunderstorm that day was not only a rebuke to the nation but also a validation of Samuel’s office as the LORD’s prophet.
4. (1 Samuel 12:19) Israel Sees Their Sin of Desiring a King
“And all the people said to Samuel, ‘Pray for your servants to the LORD your God, that we may not die; for we have added to all our sins the evil of asking a king for ourselves.’”
The people’s immediate response was fear-driven repentance. They said, “Pray for your servants to the LORD your God, that we may not die.” Having just witnessed the divine storm, they realized how serious their rebellion was. Their appeal to Samuel to intercede for them showed both humility and dependence—they recognized that only through prayer and divine mercy could they be spared.
This was a significant turning point: the people who once rejected Samuel’s leadership now begged him to stand between them and the wrath of God. Their words, “We have added to all our sins the evil of asking a king for ourselves,” indicated genuine confession, though their realization came too late to reverse the consequences. They finally acknowledged that their demand for a king was not a simple political choice but a spiritual transgression—a rejection of God’s direct rule over His people.
If they had heeded Samuel’s earlier warning in 1 Samuel 8, they could have avoided the pain of this correction. Yet even now, God’s mercy provided a way forward. Though they were bound to live under a king, repentance could still bring restoration. This moment demonstrated the principle expressed in Psalm 51:17: “The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit: a broken and a contrite heart, O God, thou wilt not despise.”
Israel’s confession showed that divine chastisement had accomplished its purpose—it awakened repentance. God used a storm to soften stubborn hearts, and through Samuel’s intercession, He would continue to show grace to a people who had wandered from His will.
5. (1 Samuel 12:20–25) Samuel Exhorts Israel to Walk Right with the LORD Today
Then Samuel said to the people, “Do not fear. You have done all this wickedness; yet do not turn aside from following the LORD, but serve the LORD with all your heart. And do not turn aside; for then you would go after empty things which cannot profit or deliver, for they are nothing. For the LORD will not forsake His people, for His great name’s sake, because it has pleased the LORD to make you His people. Moreover, as for me, far be it from me that I should sin against the LORD in ceasing to pray for you; but I will teach you the good and the right way. Only fear the LORD, and serve Him in truth with all your heart; for consider what great things He has done for you. But if you still do wickedly, you shall be swept away, both you and your king.”
After Israel’s confession and fear before God’s thunderous sign, Samuel comforted them with grace and exhortation. His opening words, “Do not fear. You have done all this wickedness; yet do not turn aside from following the LORD,” balanced truth and mercy. Samuel did not excuse their sin, but he also did not allow guilt to immobilize them. The nation had indeed committed great wickedness in rejecting God’s direct rule, yet repentance was still possible. God’s grace always meets His people where they are, not where they should have been. The prophet called them to move forward in obedience, not to dwell endlessly on past failures.
Samuel’s command, “serve the LORD with all your heart,” is central to genuine repentance. It is not mere emotion or words, but wholehearted devotion. The emphasis on “all your heart” points to sincerity and total allegiance, echoing Deuteronomy 6:5: “And thou shalt love the LORD thy God with all thine heart, and with all thy soul, and with all thy might.” Service without love becomes religion; service born of love becomes worship.
He warned, “And do not turn aside; for then you would go after empty things which cannot profit or deliver, for they are nothing.” This phrase exposed the futility of idolatry. To “turn aside” from following the LORD is to abandon the fountain of living waters and pursue broken cisterns that hold no water (Jeremiah 2:13). The “empty things” Samuel described represent idols, human ambitions, or worldly substitutes for God—things that cannot profit or save. He reminded Israel that turning from God never works; spiritual compromise always leads to emptiness.
Samuel continued, “For the LORD will not forsake His people, for His great name’s sake, because it has pleased the LORD to make you His people.” This declaration revealed the heart of divine grace. God’s faithfulness to Israel rested not upon their performance, but upon His covenant and His character. His love for them was not earned but chosen—grounded in His own will and pleasure. As Moses said centuries earlier, “The LORD did not set his love upon you, nor choose you, because ye were more in number than any people; for ye were the fewest of all people: but because the LORD loved you” (Deuteronomy 7:7–8). God’s commitment to His people flows from His own nature; He cannot deny Himself (2 Timothy 2:13).
Then Samuel declared his personal resolution: “Moreover, as for me, far be it from me that I should sin against the LORD in ceasing to pray for you.” Here Samuel revealed the heart of a true shepherd. Though the people had rejected him, he refused to withhold intercession. To stop praying for them would not only be unloving toward Israel—it would be sin against the LORD. Samuel understood that a leader’s first duty is prayer, for without divine intervention, all teaching and effort are powerless.
Samuel’s humility is striking. Despite being personally hurt by Israel’s rejection, he refused bitterness. He did not withdraw from ministry or nurse resentment; instead, he redoubled his spiritual service, committing to pray and to teach. His faithfulness embodies the pastoral heart found in the words of Christ: “Love your enemies, bless them that curse you, do good to them that hate you, and pray for them which despitefully use you” (Matthew 5:44).
The prophet added, “But I will teach you the good and the right way.” Samuel did not substitute prayer for instruction. Both are necessary for spiritual growth. The leader who prays must also teach truth, and the teacher must depend on prayer to make his words effective. As the Apostle Paul later instructed Timothy, “Preach the word; be instant in season, out of season; reprove, rebuke, exhort with all longsuffering and doctrine” (2 Timothy 4:2). Samuel exemplified both a man of prayer and a teacher of righteousness.
Next, he gave Israel the foundation of obedience: “Only fear the LORD, and serve Him in truth with all your heart; for consider what great things He has done for you.” True fear of the LORD is not terror, but reverent awe that compels obedience. The motivation for service is gratitude—remembering the “great things” God has done. He delivered them from Egypt, preserved them through the wilderness, gave them the land, and continued to show mercy despite their rebellion. The remembrance of grace fuels obedience. Those who forget God’s past mercies easily fall into present sin. Psalm 103:2 says, “Bless the LORD, O my soul, and forget not all his benefits.”
Samuel closed with a final warning: “But if you still do wickedly, you shall be swept away, both you and your king.” The blessing of divine favor was conditional upon obedience. The monarchy itself would not shield them from judgment. The same hand that delivered could also destroy. This warning tragically foreshadowed Israel’s later captivity under Assyria and Judah’s exile under Babylon. Despite God’s patience and repeated calls to repentance, they persisted in wickedness until the land itself “enjoyed her sabbaths” (2 Chronicles 36:21).
As Adam Clarke observed, “Never was a people more fully warned, and never did a people profit less by the warning.” Samuel’s final exhortation thus stands as both a message of hope and a solemn warning: God’s mercy endures, but His justice is sure.
