What is classical apologetics?
Classical Apologetics: A Graduate-Level Exploration in Baptist Theology
Classical apologetics is a method of Christian defense that employs a systematic, two-step approach to establish the truth of Christianity. This methodology first focuses on proving the existence of God through rational arguments before presenting the evidence for the reliability of the Bible and the truth of the Christian faith. Classical apologetics is rooted in a rich tradition of intellectual engagement, emphasizing reason and logic to demonstrate the coherence and credibility of Christian theism.
The Two-Step Approach of Classical Apologetics
Step One: Establishing the Existence of God
The first step in classical apologetics involves building a cumulative case for the existence of a theistic God. This is done through a variety of philosophical and scientific arguments, including:
The Cosmological Argument: The cosmological argument posits that everything that begins to exist has a cause. The universe began to exist, as evidenced by the Big Bang theory and philosophical reasoning regarding the impossibility of an actual infinite regress of causes. Therefore, the universe must have a transcendent cause—God.
"In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth" (Genesis 1:1, NKJV).
"For every house is built by someone, but He who built all things is God" (Hebrews 3:4, NKJV).The Teleological Argument (Design Argument):
The intricate order and fine-tuning of the universe point to a purposeful designer. The laws of physics, the complexity of biological systems, and the existence of moral order are best explained by the intentional work of a Creator.
"The heavens declare the glory of God; and the firmament shows His handiwork" (Psalm 19:1, NKJV).
"For since the creation of the world His invisible attributes are clearly seen, being understood by the things that are made, even His eternal power and Godhead, so that they are without excuse" (Romans 1:20, NKJV).The Moral Argument:
The universal existence of objective moral values and duties necessitates a moral lawgiver. Without God, there is no absolute standard for morality, yet all cultures exhibit an understanding of right and wrong.
"For when Gentiles, who do not have the law, by nature do the things in the law, these, although not having the law, are a law to themselves" (Romans 2:14, NKJV).
"The fear of the Lord is the beginning of wisdom; a good understanding have all those who do His commandments" (Psalm 111:10, NKJV).The Ontological Argument:
Proposed by Anselm and later refined, this argument asserts that the very concept of a maximally great being (God) necessarily entails His existence. A being that exists in reality is greater than one that exists only in the mind, and since we can conceive of such a being, God must exist.
"I am the Alpha and the Omega, the Beginning and the End," says the Lord, "who is and who was and who is to come, the Almighty" (Revelation 1:8, NKJV).
Step Two: Demonstrating the Truth of Christianity
Once the existence of a theistic God has been established, classical apologists shift focus to showing why Christianity, among competing worldviews, uniquely aligns with the evidence and revelation of this God. Key elements include:
The Historical Reliability of Scripture:
The Bible’s historical claims are verified through manuscript evidence, archaeology, and external sources. For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls confirm the accurate transmission of the Old Testament, and discoveries like the Pilate Stone corroborate New Testament figures.
"Your word is a lamp to my feet and a light to my path" (Psalm 119:105, NKJV).
"Sanctify them by Your truth. Your word is truth" (John 17:17, NKJV).Fulfilled Prophecy:
Prophecies in the Old Testament, such as the prediction of the Messiah’s birth in Bethlehem (Micah 5:2), His death for the sins of humanity (Isaiah 53:5), and His resurrection (Psalm 16:10), are fulfilled in Jesus Christ.
"All Scripture is given by inspiration of God, and is profitable for doctrine, for reproof, for correction, for instruction in righteousness" (2 Timothy 3:16, NKJV).The Bodily Resurrection of Jesus Christ:
The resurrection is the cornerstone of the Christian faith. Evidence includes the empty tomb, multiple post-resurrection appearances, and the transformation of the apostles, who were willing to die for their testimony.
"If Christ is not risen, your faith is futile; you are still in your sins!" (1 Corinthians 15:17, NKJV).
"He is not here; for He is risen, as He said. Come, see the place where the Lord lay" (Matthew 28:6, NKJV).
The Theological Distinction of Classical Apologetics
Classical apologetics emphasizes that arguments for the resurrection and other miraculous events are most compelling when placed in a theistic framework. This approach avoids presenting miracles as random, isolated events but rather as acts of God within a theistic context. As Norman Geisler stated:
"It makes no sense to speak about the resurrection as an act of God unless, as a logical prerequisite, it is first established that there is a God who can act."
Practical Applications and Prominent Apologists
Classical apologetics has been championed by influential figures such as R.C. Sproul, William Lane Craig, and Norman Geisler. These apologists use reason and evidence to address the questions of skeptics and to equip believers with a robust defense of their faith.
The Apostle Paul demonstrated a classical approach in Athens when he first reasoned about the existence of God with Greek philosophers before introducing them to Jesus Christ (Acts 17:22–31). Similarly, Christians today are called to engage thoughtfully with culture, offering a reasoned and respectful defense of the faith:
"But sanctify the Lord God in your hearts, and always be ready to give a defense to everyone who asks you a reason for the hope that is in you, with meekness and fear" (1 Peter 3:15, NKJV).
Conclusion
Classical apologetics represents a systematic and rational approach to defending the Christian faith. By first establishing the existence of God and then demonstrating the uniqueness of Christianity, this method provides a comprehensive framework for engaging with skeptics and seekers. Grounded in Scripture, reason, and evidence, classical apologetics affirms the truth of the gospel and calls all people to embrace the hope found in Jesus Christ.
"For I am not ashamed of the gospel of Christ, for it is the power of God to salvation for everyone who believes, for the Jew first and also for the Greek" (Romans 1:16, NKJV).
