Revelation Chapter 2
The Letters to the Seven Churches: The Letter to Ephesus
The letters to the seven churches share a consistent structure that reveals not only the condition of each church but also offers timeless lessons for our own walk with Christ. Each letter contains:
An address to a particular congregation.
An introduction of Jesus.
A statement regarding the church's condition.
A verdict from Jesus regarding that condition.
A command from Jesus to the church.
A general exhortation to all Christians.
A promise of reward.
By examining what Jesus says to each church, we can assess the spiritual health of both these congregations and our own lives.
A. Jesus’ Letter to the Church at Ephesus
1. (1a) The Character of the City of Ephesus
"To the angel of the church of Ephesus write:"
a. To the angel:
The word angel may refer to the pastor or spiritual leader of the Ephesian church. Alternatively, it could represent an angelic being tasked with overseeing the church. In either case, the letter is not solely for the representative but for the entire congregation.
Adam Clarke observes, “I consider what is spoken to this angel as spoken to the whole Church; and that it is not his particular state that is described, but the states of the people in general under his care.”
b. Ephesus:
Ephesus was one of the most prominent cities of the ancient world, known for its cultural, religious, and economic influence. It was also home to a well-established church with deep spiritual roots.
Notable Ministry Heritage:
Paul ministered in Ephesus for three years (Acts 19:1, 10; Acts 20:31).
Aquila and Priscilla, along with the eloquent preacher Apollos, worked in Ephesus (Acts 18:24-28).
Timothy served there as Paul’s associate (1 Timothy 1:3).
According to church tradition, the Apostle John also ministered there.
Robertson highlights this heritage by saying, “Surely it was a place of great privilege, of great preaching.”
c. Ephesus: A City of Influence and Immorality
Ephesus was not only significant in the church's history but also served as a global hub for culture and commerce.
Religious Center:
Ephesus was the location of the famed Temple of Diana (Artemis), a fertility goddess worshiped with ritualistic immorality.
This temple was one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, supported by 127 marble pillars, each 60 feet tall, and adorned with intricate sculptures.
The temple also functioned as a treasury, where kings, merchants, and cities entrusted their wealth under the supposed protection of Artemis.
Longenecker comments, “The Temple of Artemis was also a major treasury and bank of the ancient world.”
Stronghold of Satan:
Ephesus was infamous for its superstitions, idolatry, and occult practices.
Sorcery and ungodly arts flourished, as evidenced by the burning of magical books worth a fortune when the gospel took root in the city (Acts 19:19).
Gaebelein remarks, “Ephesus was a stronghold of Satan. Here many evil things both superstitious and satanic were practised.”
Ephesus was a city of great privilege and influence, making it a fitting location for one of the early church's most significant congregations. However, its spiritual environment was a battlefield, with the church planted in the midst of pagan idolatry and immorality. This context provides important background for understanding the strengths, weaknesses, and challenges addressed in Jesus' letter to the church at Ephesus.
2. (1b) Jesus Describes Himself to the Church at Ephesus
"These things says He who holds the seven stars in His right hand, who walks in the midst of the seven golden lampstands:"
a. He who holds the seven stars in His right hand, who walks in the midst of the seven golden lampstands:
This description of Jesus draws directly from John’s vision in Revelation 1, emphasizing His authority and His intimate presence within the Church.
Authority: Jesus "holds the seven stars," symbolizing the leaders or messengers of the churches, firmly in His grasp. This indicates that the authority over the Church rests solely in Christ. It reminds us that the Church belongs to Him—not its leaders or congregation.
Presence: Jesus "walks in the midst of the seven golden lampstands," symbolizing His constant presence among His churches. This stresses the truth that Jesus is not a distant observer but actively involved in the life and ministry of His Church.
This introduction underscores that Jesus is central to every church, and our focus as believers must remain on Him.
b. Holds:
The Greek word kratein used here means to hold firmly or securely. It is a word of completeness and strength, emphasizing that Jesus’ hold on His Church is unshakable.
This picture reminds us of John 10:28-29, where Jesus promises, “No one will snatch them out of My hand.” The security of the Church is rooted in His sovereign care.
3. (2-3) What Jesus Knows About the Christians of Ephesus
"I know your works, your labor, your patience, and that you cannot bear those who are evil. And you have tested those who say they are apostles and are not, and have found them liars; and you have persevered and have patience, and have labored for My name’s sake and have not become weary."
a. I know your works:
Jesus, as the head of the Church, knows everything about His people. Nothing is hidden from His gaze—whether sin or righteousness. He observes not only our actions but also the motivations of our hearts.
For the church at Ephesus, Jesus acknowledges their hard work and dedication. His intimate knowledge of their deeds serves as both a comfort and a challenge for us today, reminding us that He sees everything, even when others do not.
b. Your works, your labor, your patience:
Jesus commends the Ephesian church for several qualities:
Hard Work: They worked tirelessly for the Lord.
Steadfast Labor: The word labor implies a deep commitment, even to the point of exhaustion. Charles Spurgeon comments, “When a man works for Christ he should work with all his might.”
Endurance: The Greek word hupomone used here conveys a steadfast and patient endurance under trial.
In these ways, the Ephesian church demonstrated a rock-solid commitment to the work of the Lord.
c. You cannot bear those who are evil:
The Ephesians also excelled in doctrinal purity. They refused to tolerate evil and rigorously tested those who claimed to be apostles.
Paul had warned the Ephesian elders in Acts 20:29-31 that false teachers—described as “savage wolves”—would try to infiltrate the church. This commendation from Jesus shows that the Ephesians took Paul’s warning seriously.
Today, churches must remain vigilant in testing anyone who claims to speak on God’s behalf. Deceivers often appear righteous and persuasive, but their messages must be tested against the truth of God’s Word.
Spurgeon highlights the importance of doctrinal integrity: “This was grand of them: it showed a backbone of truth. I wish some of the churches of this age had a little of this holy decision about them.”
d. You have persevered and have patience, and have labored for My name’s sake and have not become weary:
The Ephesians showed remarkable perseverance in their service to Christ. Their endurance and commitment to the truth were sustained over time, even in the face of opposition and difficulty.
Godly Perseverance: The phrase “not become weary” reveals their unwavering dedication. This church was active, steadfast, and protective of the gospel's integrity.
Summary:
By all outward appearances, the church at Ephesus was strong, hardworking, and committed to defending the truth of the gospel. However, as we will see in the next section of the letter, Jesus also identifies an area of spiritual deficiency that needs correction. This reminds us that no matter how active or doctrinally sound a church may seem, the condition of the heart is of utmost importance to Christ.
4. (4) What Jesus Has Against the Church at Ephesus
"Nevertheless I have this against you, that you have left your first love."
a. Nevertheless I have this against you:
Jesus begins His rebuke with the sobering word nevertheless. This signals that despite the commendable qualities of the Ephesian church—their hard work, perseverance, and doctrinal purity—something essential was missing.
This warning reminds us that even the best qualities of a church or an individual cannot overshadow critical spiritual deficiencies.
Charles Spurgeon powerfully noted, “A church has no reason for being a church when she has no love within her heart, or when that love grows cold. Lose love, lose all.”
b. You have left your first love:
The issue with the Ephesian church was not that they lost their first love by accident, but that they left it. This indicates a deliberate, though perhaps gradual, departure.
The distinction between leaving and losing:
Losing something often happens by chance, and we may not know where to find it.
Leaving something is a deliberate act, even if it is not sudden, and we know where to return to find it.
Outwardly, the Ephesian church appeared to be thriving. A visitor might see their works and doctrinal vigilance and conclude that everything was in order. Yet Jesus, who sees the heart, identified their lack of love—a deficiency that rendered their efforts hollow.
Without love, all their accomplishments were meaningless (1 Corinthians 13:1-3). Their love for Christ and for one another had cooled, making this a deeply serious problem.
c. What love did they leave?
Jesus does not specify, but it likely includes both their love for God and their love for one another. These two loves are interconnected, as 1 John 4:20 says: "He who does not love his brother whom he has seen, how can he love God whom he has not seen?"
Love for God:
The Ephesian church’s focus on working for Jesus may have eclipsed their personal relationship with Him. They had perhaps prioritized duty over devotion, putting the work of ministry above intimacy with Christ.
This mirrors the story of Mary and Martha in Luke 10:38-42, where Martha was busy serving but missed sitting at Jesus’ feet.
Love for one another:
Their passion for doctrinal purity may have led them to become cold, critical, or suspicious, which often happens when truth is emphasized at the expense of grace.
Spurgeon warned, “When love dies, orthodox doctrine becomes a corpse, a powerless formalism.”
d. First love:
Jesus describes their prior love as first love, emphasizing both its primacy and quality. This love likely included the joy and fervor they had when they first encountered Christ—a love that motivated their actions and defined their relationship with Him.
Mature love vs. youthful excitement:
Just as in marriage, the initial thrill of new love often transitions into a deeper, more meaningful bond over time. However, when that love grows cold, even the outward appearances of devotion can feel hollow.
Spurgeon reflected, “When we were in our first love, what would we do for Christ; now how little will we do. Some of the actions which we performed when we were young Christians… seem to have been wild and like idle tales.”
The goal is not to perpetuate a shallow, fleeting excitement but to allow that first love to mature into a deep, enduring devotion.
Conclusion:
The church at Ephesus excelled in many ways, but their failure to maintain their first love was a glaring and serious deficiency. Jesus’ rebuke challenges us to examine our own hearts. Are we so consumed with activity or doctrinal vigilance that we’ve allowed our love for Christ and His people to grow cold? If so, we must recognize this and take steps to return to the love we had at first.
5. (5-6) What Jesus Wants the Church at Ephesus to Do
"Remember therefore from where you have fallen; repent and do the first works, or else I will come to you quickly and remove your lampstand from its place—unless you repent. But this you have, that you hate the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate."
a. Remember therefore from where you have fallen:
The first step Jesus calls the Ephesian church to take is to remember. They needed to reflect on where they had once been in their love for Him and recognize how far they had fallen.
This echoes the story of the Prodigal Son, who only began his journey of restoration when he remembered the blessings of his father’s house (Luke 15:17-19).
Reflection is often the first step in returning to the joy of a vibrant relationship with Christ.
b. Repent:
Repentance here is not about mere feelings of sorrow but about a decisive change in direction—turning back to God. The word itself carries an urgent call for immediate action.
As Robertson described, this is an “urgent appeal for instant change of attitude and conduct, before it is too late.”
It is not enough to recognize the problem; action must follow acknowledgment.
c. Do the first works:
Jesus calls the Ephesians to return to the foundational practices that once defined their love for Him. These “first works” are the simple but vital activities that sustain a thriving relationship with Christ.
Examples of first works include:
Devotion to God’s Word.
Consistent prayer life.
Fellowship with other believers.
Enthusiastic evangelism and sharing of the gospel.
Satan often tries to create dissatisfaction with these basic disciplines, enticing believers to pursue novelty or overly complex strategies for spiritual growth. Yet it is the “first works” that often provide the strongest foundation.
d. Or else I will come to you quickly and remove your lampstand from its place:
Jesus warns of the consequences if they fail to repent. The removal of their lampstand signifies the withdrawal of His presence and light from the congregation.
A church can continue as an organization, but without the presence of Christ, it ceases to be a true church. This echoes the lament of Ichabod, where the glory of God departed (1 Samuel 4:21).
Despite this strong warning, history suggests that the Ephesians initially responded well. Early writings from Ignatius praise the church for their love and doctrinal purity.
e. But this you have, that you hate the deeds of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate:
Even as Jesus rebuked them, He acknowledged what they were doing right. The Ephesians stood firm against the Nicolaitans, a group associated with idolatry, immorality, and heresy.
Who were the Nicolaitans?
According to Irenaeus and Hippolytus, they were followers of a man named Nicolas who advocated for moral laxity and indulged in idolatrous practices.
Some suggest their name (Nikao-laos, meaning “to conquer the people”) implies a hierarchical system that created divisions within the church, separating clergy from laity.
The Nicolaitans claimed to offer an “improved” version of Christianity, but their practices led to sin and rebellion against God. As Barclay noted, they likely presented their teachings as modernized and enlightened, rather than destructive.
f. Which I also hate:
Jesus’ words here are striking. While He is rich in love, He hates sin and commands His followers to hate sin as well.
Hatred of sin does not contradict the love of Christ; instead, it reflects His righteousness and holiness.
Believers are called to align their hearts with Christ, rejecting both sinful behaviors and teachings that undermine God’s truth.
The Ephesians were called to remember, repent, and return to their first love. While their hatred of false teachings like those of the Nicolaitans was commendable, it could not replace the foundational need for love—both for Christ and for one another. This is a timeless message: no matter how doctrinally pure or outwardly active a church or believer may be, love remains the greatest commandment. Without it, all else is vain.
6. (7a) A General Exhortation to All Who Will Hear
"He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches."
a. He who has an ear:
This phrase makes the message universal. Anyone who has the ability to hear and a willingness to listen is invited to take this message to heart. While the immediate audience was the church at Ephesus, the scope of Jesus’ words extends to all believers throughout history.
This call emphasizes personal responsibility. Each believer must choose to heed the Spirit’s message.
The invitation isn’t limited to scholars, leaders, or a specific group; it applies to everyone willing to listen and act.
b. Let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches:
The Spirit speaks to all seven churches, not just to one. Each letter carries lessons for every church and every believer. Together, these letters form a comprehensive message about the condition of the Church and the heart of individual believers.
Unified message: Though each church received a unique letter, the Spirit’s call to listen applies to every church and every age. As Matthew Poole noted, “There were not seven books written, but one book,” for all churches to learn from.
Warning against complacency: H.W. Beecher illustrated how often messages aimed at individual hearts are ignored: “The churches of the land are sprinkled all over with bald-headed old sinners whose hair has been worn off by the constant friction of countless sermons.” The Spirit’s words are only effective for those willing to internalize and act upon them.
7. (7b) The Promise of a Reward
"To him who overcomes I will give to eat from the tree of life, which is in the midst of the Paradise of God."
a. To him who overcomes:
The promise is to the overcomer—those who triumph in faith. While overcoming can refer to victory over sin and spiritual battles, in this context, Jesus highlights overcoming the coldness of heart and the loss of love He identified earlier.
Overcoming here is about rekindling a vibrant love for Christ. It’s about returning to the passion of the first love, persevering in devotion, and resisting spiritual apathy.
True overcoming happens through faith in Christ: "For whatever is born of God overcomes the world. And this is the victory that has overcome the world—our faith" (1 John 5:4).
b. I will give to eat from the tree of life:
This promise is deeply significant. The tree of life, once accessible in Eden, is now promised to those who overcome through Christ. It symbolizes eternal life and the reversal of the curse brought about by sin.
The promise is twofold:
Eternal restoration: A return to the perfection of Eden, free from the effects of sin.
Present redemption: As believers walk in Christ’s redeeming love, they experience a foretaste of this eternal reward, with the curse of sin being gradually rolled back in their lives.
c. In the midst of the Paradise of God:
The term Paradise evokes the imagery of a garden of delight, but it also carries a deeper meaning—being in God’s presence. True paradise is where God dwells, and the promise of the tree of life assures us of eternal fellowship with Him.
Paradise is not just a place but a state of unbroken communion with God. Revelation 22:2 points to a future where the tree of life bears fruit for the healing of the nations, further illustrating the richness of this promise.
This is the ultimate reward for those who overcome: to dwell with God, experience His fullness, and partake in the eternal blessings of His kingdom.
The call to hear and overcome is timeless. Each believer is challenged to rekindle their love for Christ, listen to the Spirit’s message, and pursue the reward of eternal life in the presence of God. The promise of the tree of life reminds us that, through faith in Jesus, we can experience both present and eternal restoration. Paradise is not a distant dream but a certainty for those who remain steadfast in their love and devotion to Him.
B. Jesus’ Letter to the Church at Smyrna
1. (8a) The Character of the City of Smyrna
"And to the angel of the church in Smyrna write..."
a. Smyrna:
Smyrna was a city of notable beauty and prestige, often referred to as the "Glory of Asia." It was renowned for its cultural and educational achievements.
William Barclay described Smyrna as “an outstandingly beautiful city,” emphasizing its prominence and pride among the cities of Asia Minor.
Its architectural splendor and strategic location made Smyrna a symbol of wealth and influence in the region.
b. Smyrna:
The city’s wealth was unparalleled, and it thrived as a center of trade and commerce.
Smyrna's position at the end of the Hermus Valley made it a hub for trade. Its markets were filled with goods from the surrounding region, particularly wine, a major export.
Like Ephesus, Smyrna’s commercial success contributed to its reputation for prosperity and opulence.
c. Smyrna:
Despite its wealth and beauty, Smyrna was deeply rooted in idolatry and Emperor worship, which created significant challenges for Christians living there.
Pagan Temples: Smyrna’s “Golden Street” was lined with temples dedicated to gods such as Cybele, Apollo, Asklepios, Aphrodite, and Zeus. However, the worship of these traditional deities was in decline.
Emperor Worship: By contrast, the city excelled in its devotion to the Roman Emperor. Smyrna built the first temple to Dea Roma in 196 B.C., symbolizing the spiritual power of Rome. This set the stage for the eventual worship of Roman Emperors, which became a litmus test for political loyalty.
d. Historical Milestones in Emperor Worship:
i. In A.D. 23, Smyrna outcompeted 11 other cities for the privilege of building the first temple to Emperor Tiberius. This victory solidified its status as a center of Emperor worship.
ii. During the reign of Domitian (A.D. 81-96), Emperor worship became mandatory. Citizens were required to offer a pinch of incense to the Emperor as an act of allegiance and to proclaim, “Caesar is Lord.”
iii. Christians faced immense pressure because they refused to participate in this act of idolatry. As William Barclay explains, “All that the Christians had to do was burn that pinch of incense, say, ‘Caesar is Lord,’ receive their certificate, and go away and worship as they pleased. But that is precisely what the Christians would not do.”
e. Christian Resistance:
For believers in Smyrna, their refusal to acknowledge Caesar as Lord came at a great cost.
Declaring that Jesus Christ alone is Lord was not just a spiritual stance; it was seen as an act of political rebellion.
Many were persecuted, ostracized, or even executed for their faith. This courageous stand defined the church at Smyrna and set it apart as a beacon of faithfulness in the face of adversity.
This introduction to Smyrna highlights the unique challenges faced by the believers there. They lived in a city rich in culture, wealth, and idolatry, and their loyalty to Christ marked them as countercultural and often as enemies of the state. Their faithfulness under pressure serves as an enduring example for all Christians today.
2. (8b) Jesus Describes Himself to the Church at Smyrna
"These things says the First and the Last, who was dead, and came to life:"
a. The First and the Last:
Jesus opens with a title that emphasizes His eternal nature and sovereignty over all things. This title, drawn from His appearance to John in Revelation 1:11 and 1:17, aligns with Old Testament declarations about Yahweh in Isaiah 41:4, 44:6, and 48:12.
By calling Himself "the First and the Last," Jesus declares His authority over time and history, an assurance for a church facing severe trials.
b. Who was dead, and came to life:
This title, also taken from Revelation 1:18, reminds the Christians in Smyrna of Jesus’ victory over death. It is especially fitting for a church under persecution, as they needed the hope and assurance of resurrection and eternal life.
Victory over Death: Jesus’ death and resurrection serve as the ultimate proof of His power over death, a comforting reminder to the Smyrnans that death holds no ultimate power over them either.
The Name Smyrna: The connection to suffering is also reflected in the name of the city itself. Smyrna derives from myrrh, a fragrant spice used for embalming the dead. This symbolic link reinforces the theme of suffering and victory through Christ.
3. (9) What Jesus Knows About the Christians in Smyrna
"I know your works, tribulation, and poverty (but you are rich); and I know the blasphemy of those who say they are Jews and are not, but are a synagogue of Satan."
a. I know your works:
Jesus begins by affirming His intimate knowledge of their works, tribulation, and poverty. His knowledge is both observational and experiential—He sees their hardships, and as one who suffered Himself, He fully understands them.
Tribulation: The Smyrnans endured severe pressure from persecution, economic oppression, and social hostility.
Poverty: While Smyrna was a wealthy city, the Christians there were destitute. The Greek word used here for "poverty" (ptocheia) refers to complete destitution, not merely lacking resources.
b. Poverty, but you are rich:
Despite their material poverty, Jesus declares them spiritually wealthy. Their faithfulness to Him in the face of hardship demonstrates the true wealth that comes from a relationship with God.
Economic Persecution: Many Christians in Smyrna likely faced economic deprivation due to their refusal to worship Caesar or participate in idolatry. Hebrews 10:34 speaks of early Christians who joyfully endured the confiscation of their goods because of their heavenly hope.
This reminds us that spiritual riches far surpass worldly wealth, especially in the context of persecution and suffering.
c. I know the blasphemy of those who say they are Jews and are not:
Jesus also acknowledges the opposition the Smyrnan Christians faced from a hostile Jewish community. While these Jews claimed religious authority, they were not true Jews in the spiritual sense.
True Jewish Identity: As Paul writes in Philippians 3:3, true Jews worship God in the Spirit and place their faith in Jesus Christ. Ethnic heritage alone does not define one’s standing before God.
A Synagogue of Satan: Strong words are used here to describe the spiritual reality behind this hostility. This group’s actions aligned not with God but with Satan, as they opposed Christ and His people.
d. I know… I know:
Twice in this passage, Jesus emphasizes His knowledge of their suffering. For Christians enduring tribulation, this assurance that their trials are not unnoticed brings immense comfort.
In seasons of affliction, it is easy to feel forgotten or forsaken. Yet Jesus assures His followers that He sees, understands, and ultimately redeems every trial for His glory.
The Christians in Smyrna were encouraged by these words from Jesus, knowing that their suffering was not in vain and that their faithfulness would result in eternal reward. Their example inspires believers today to remain steadfast, trusting that Jesus knows their trials and has ultimate victory over all.
4. (9) What Jesus Thinks About the Church in Smyrna
"But you are rich."
a. Rich:
Despite their outward circumstances of poverty, Jesus declared the Christians in Smyrna rich. While the world judged them by material standards, Jesus saw their spiritual wealth, valuing their faith, perseverance, and eternal inheritance.
Trapp fittingly describes them as, “Sweet smelling Smyrna, the poorest but purest of the seven.”
b. Rich in Jesus’ Eyes:
What truly matters is not how we view ourselves or how others perceive us, but how Jesus evaluates us. If Jesus called them rich, then they were rich indeed.
The Contrast with Laodicea: In Revelation 3:17, the Christians in Laodicea thought themselves rich but were actually poor. Smyrna presents the opposite case: though materially poor, they were spiritually wealthy. It’s far better to be a “rich poor church” like Smyrna than a “poor rich church” like Laodicea.
c. Poverty, but you are rich:
The Christians in Smyrna exemplify the tension between material poverty and spiritual riches. While there is no inherent virtue in being rich or poor, Smyrna’s faithfulness despite poverty highlights their heavenly treasures.
The Dangers of Wealth: Material riches often become an obstacle to entering the Kingdom of God, as illustrated in Mark 10:23-25. While wealth itself is not evil, it has a tendency to “possess” those who pursue it.
Historical Reflection: A story from the Renaissance Papacy illustrates this contrast. When marveling at the wealth of the Vatican, a man commented, “The church no longer needs to say what Peter said: ‘Silver and gold have I none.’” The reply was equally piercing: “But neither can you say, ‘Rise up and walk.’”
d. Rich in Leadership:
The church at Smyrna was also rich in its spiritual leadership. One of its most notable figures was Polycarp, a disciple of the Apostle John and a prominent early church father.
Polycarp served as a pastor in Smyrna until his martyrdom in A.D. 155. At the age of 86, he was offered his life in exchange for renouncing Christ. His famous response remains a testament to Smyrna’s spiritual wealth: “Eighty-six years I have served Him, and He has done me no wrong. How can I blaspheme my King and Savior?”
The church in Smyrna, though poor in earthly possessions, was immeasurably rich in spiritual blessings, steadfast faith, and courageous leadership. Jesus’ commendation reminds us that true riches are measured in eternal terms, not material ones.
5. (10) What Jesus Wants the Christians in Smyrna to Do
"Do not fear any of those things which you are about to suffer. Indeed, the devil is about to throw some of you into prison, that you may be tested, and you will have tribulation ten days. Be faithful until death, and I will give you the crown of life."
a. Do Not Fear:
Jesus began by addressing their fear. His words, “Do not fear,” are more accurately translated as “Stop being afraid.” The Christians in Smyrna were already suffering persecution, and the thought of further suffering naturally caused fear. Jesus sought to prepare their hearts for what was coming, encouraging them not to be paralyzed by fear but to stand firm.
Christians undergoing persecution are not superhuman; they face fear and uncertainty just like anyone else. Jesus’ words are meant to assure them that He knows their situation and will sustain them through it.
b. The Devil's Role in Their Persecution:
Jesus revealed that the devil was behind their coming trials: “The devil is about to throw some of you into prison.” Yet, even though the enemy initiated this persecution, it was ultimately allowed by God for a greater purpose.
Measured by God: Their tribulation was limited, set to last only “ten days.” While interpretations vary, the key point is that God placed boundaries on their suffering.
Severe Consequences: Imprisonment in their context was not meant for rehabilitation but often led to execution. Smyrna was a city where being a Christian was dangerous, a place described by Barclay as “a church for heroes.”
c. "Tribulation Ten Days":
The phrase “ten days” has been interpreted in various ways:
Literal Ten Days: The simplest and most straightforward reading is that Jesus meant they would face persecution for a literal period of ten days.
Symbolic Period: Some see the “ten days” as representing ten distinct periods of persecution under Roman emperors, from Nero to Diocletian.
Prophetic Time: Others interpret the “ten days” as prophetic, referring to ten years of intense persecution, specifically under Emperor Diocletian.
A Short, Fixed Period: Many scholars, including Barclay, view the ten days as a general expression for a short, limited time of trial.
d. "That You May Be Tested":
The purpose of their suffering was not random. It was allowed by God to test and refine their faith. Trials purify believers, mold them into the image of Christ (1 Peter 1:6-7), and display their witness to the world.
The Christians in Smyrna passed this test, and their faithfulness became a testimony for generations. Smyrna is notable as the only church among the seven in Revelation that has survived to the present day, enduring through centuries of persecution.
Faithful Living: While not all believers may face martyrdom, we are called to live faithfully. Sadly, some avoid persecution altogether by conforming to the world, losing their distinctive witness for Christ.
e. "Be Faithful Until Death":
Jesus didn’t promise deliverance from persecution but called them to remain faithful even to the point of death. This demonstrates the depth of commitment and love He desires from His followers.
The Crown of Life:
This stephanos is a victor’s crown, awarded to those who triumph in their trials. It’s not a royal diadem but a crown for those who overcome.
It was particularly meaningful in Smyrna, a city adorned with a “crown” of buildings atop Mt. Pagos and steeped in a culture that honored victors with crowns.
Unlike earthly crowns made of leaves that wither, the crown of life is eternal and unperishable.
Symbolism of the Crown:
The crown represents not only victory but also celebration and union with Christ. It mirrors the joy and honor of being in His presence.
This promise would have deeply encouraged Smyrna’s believers, who faced death with unwavering faith.
The church in Smyrna exemplifies faithfulness in the face of suffering. Jesus called them to stop fearing, endure tribulation, and remain faithful unto death, promising them the crown of life. Their example challenges us to embrace trials as opportunities to glorify God, trusting in His eternal reward. As Trapp said, “A crown without cares, co-rivals, envy, or end.”
6. (11a) A General Exhortation to All Who Will Hear
"He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches."
a. He Who Has an Ear
This phrase is a universal call to listen and take to heart the message given by the Spirit. It applies to every Christian throughout the ages, not just those in Smyrna. This specific message of endurance under persecution might seem distant to modern Western Christians who rarely face the same level of opposition. However, the lessons of faithfulness and courage in the face of trials remain relevant to all believers.
b. The Example of Polycarp
The life and martyrdom of Polycarp, the bishop of Smyrna and a disciple of the Apostle John, vividly illustrate the kind of faithfulness Jesus called for. His story shows us what it means to remain steadfast under persecution.
Persecution in Smyrna:
When a wave of persecution swept through Smyrna, Polycarp’s congregation urged him to flee to safety. Initially, he did so, believing God wanted him to remain alive for a time. However, a vision of his pillow engulfed in flames convinced him that his martyrdom was imminent.His Arrest and Trial:
After being betrayed and arrested, Polycarp was brought to Smyrna’s arena. Officials tried to persuade him to renounce Christ by offering a pinch of incense to Caesar, declaring, “Caesar is Lord.” Despite their pleas and threats, Polycarp refused.His Famous Declaration:
When asked to renounce Jesus, Polycarp responded boldly, “For eighty-six years I have served Him, and He has never done me wrong. How can I now blaspheme my King who saved me?” This statement became a testament to his unwavering faith and loyalty to Christ.Martyrdom in the Arena:
The crowd demanded his execution by fire. As flames consumed the woodpile, witnesses claimed the fire arched around him without touching him. When it became clear the fire would not kill him, a soldier stabbed him with a spear. According to tradition, a dove flew from his body, and many saw this as a symbol of his victory in Christ.
c. Modern-Day Martyrdom
The spirit of martyrdom is not confined to ancient history. Even today, many Christians face severe persecution, particularly in regions like Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa.
Recent Examples of Persecution:
The 20th century saw more Christians die for their faith than in all previous centuries combined. Stories like that of Pastor Paul James in India, who was brutally murdered for preaching the gospel, highlight the ongoing reality of persecution.The Gospel Thrives Amid Persecution:
Despite the suffering, persecution often serves to spread the gospel. The courage and forgiveness demonstrated by martyrs draw others to Christ, as the world witnesses the power of unwavering faith.
d. Lessons for Modern Christians
Even if we do not face the physical threat of persecution, the call to faithfulness and endurance applies to every believer.
We are encouraged to stand firm in our faith, no matter the trials we face, whether they are societal pressures, personal challenges, or spiritual battles.
The example of Polycarp reminds us of the ultimate cost of following Christ and the eternal reward awaiting those who overcome.
As the Spirit speaks to the churches, we must listen, learn, and live out these lessons in our daily lives, remaining faithful to Christ in all circumstances.
7. (11b) The Promise of a Reward
"He who overcomes shall not be hurt by the second death.”
a. He Who Overcomes
This promise is specifically for those who overcome the trials, temptations, and persecution that they face for their faith in Jesus. Overcomers are those who remain faithful, holding fast to Jesus despite opposition or suffering.
Overcoming Through Christ: We overcome not by our strength but through our relationship with Jesus, the ultimate overcomer. As Jesus said in John 16:33, “In the world you will have tribulation; but be of good cheer, I have overcome the world.”
Victory in Persecution: For the Christians in Smyrna, overcoming meant standing firm in the face of persecution and even death. For believers today, overcoming includes staying faithful through trials, temptations, and challenges to our faith.
b. Shall Not Be Hurt by the Second Death
The reward for those who overcome is freedom from the second death, which is eternal separation from God in the lake of fire (Revelation 20:14; 21:8).
The Promise of Life: While physical death may threaten the faithful, Jesus assures His people that the second death—the ultimate spiritual death—will never touch them. This promise is a great encouragement for those who face persecution or martyrdom.
Hell Is Conquered: Satan may bring temporary suffering and physical death, but for those in Christ, eternal life is secured. This gives a profound hope and assurance to those who endure suffering for His name.
c. Understanding the Second Death
The "second death" was a concept well understood in Jewish teaching, referring to the eternal fate of the wicked. William Barclay notes, “The second death was a Jewish rabbinic expression for the total extinction of the utterly wicked.”
For believers, the first death—the physical end of life—is not to be feared, because the second death holds no power over them. As Matthew Henry writes, “The first death to a good man is the worst of his death, but the second death to a wicked man is the worst of his death.”
Commentator Trapp adds, “All men died, but all are not killed with death… Oh, it is a woeful thing to be killed with death.”
d. Hope for the Faithful
This promise reminds us that our faithfulness to Christ secures an eternal reward that far outweighs any suffering we may endure. The trials of this life are temporary, but the joy and security in Christ are everlasting.
For those in Smyrna who faced persecution, this promise would have been a powerful encouragement, giving them the courage to stand firm in the face of death, knowing that eternal life awaited them in the presence of their Savior. For us today, it is a reminder that no trial, hardship, or suffering can separate us from the love of God in Christ Jesus (Romans 8:38-39).
C. Jesus’ Letter to the Church at Pergamos
1. (12a) The Character of the City of Pergamos
"And to the angel of the church in Pergamos write,"
a. Pergamos: Pergamos was the political capital of the Roman province of Asia Minor and had been for over 300 years by the time John wrote this letter. It was renowned for its cultural and educational influence, boasting one of the largest libraries of the ancient world, containing over 200,000 volumes.
b. Religious Center: Pergamos was deeply entrenched in pagan worship. It was home to temples dedicated to Dionysus, Athena, Demeter, Zeus, and three emperors. The city also housed a prominent temple to the Roman god of healing, Asclepios, symbolized by a serpent.
Healing Practices in the Temple of Asclepios: The temple drew many seeking healing, where sufferers spent the night hoping for the touch of one of the harmless serpents slithering through the temple. This touch was believed to convey healing directly from the god.
c. A Center of Emperor Worship: Pergamos was a pioneer in emperor worship. It built the first temple dedicated to the Roman emperor Augustus, making allegiance to Rome inseparable from its religious practices. This intense fusion of politics and religion made life particularly difficult for Christians who refused to worship Caesar as Lord.
2. (12b) Jesus Describes Himself to the Church at Pergamos
"These things says He who has the sharp two-edged sword:"
a. He who has the sharp two-edged sword: This imagery connects to Revelation 1:16, where Jesus is described with a sword proceeding from His mouth. The two-edged sword represents the Word of God, which both cuts and heals, and here, it symbolizes His authority and judgment.
A Reminder of Authority: Jesus reminded the Christians in Pergamos that His Word is the ultimate authority, even above the power of Rome.
b. The Power of the Word: Hebrews 4:12 describes the Word of God as living, powerful, and sharper than any two-edged sword. Jesus was preparing to use this Word to cut through the compromises and issues present in the church at Pergamos.
3. (13) What Jesus Knows About the Church at Pergamos
"I know your works, and where you dwell, where Satan’s throne is. And you hold fast to My name, and did not deny My faith even in the days in which Antipas was My faithful martyr, who was killed among you, where Satan dwells."
a. I know your works: Jesus acknowledged their faithfulness in such a challenging environment. Despite living in a stronghold of Satanic power, they maintained their faith and witness.
b. Where Satan’s throne is: Pergamos was a center of Satanic influence, which could stem from its emperor worship, the massive altar to Zeus, or the serpent-worshiping cult of Asclepios. The exact meaning is debated, but the city’s opposition to Christianity was undeniable.
c. Holding Fast to His Name: Despite immense cultural and political pressure, the Christians in Pergamos refused to renounce Jesus. Their loyalty is commendable, particularly because their faith put them at constant risk.
d. Antipas, My Faithful Martyr: Jesus honored Antipas, who was likely martyred for refusing to worship Caesar. Though little is known about him, his faithfulness is recognized eternally by Christ.
Antipas’ Legacy: His name means “against all,” reflecting his stand for Christ against the overwhelming forces of paganism.
Martyr as Witness: In the original Greek, martus means "witness." It was only later that the word took on its modern association with those who die for their testimony of Christ.
e. Where Satan dwells: This reiterates the extreme spiritual opposition in Pergamos, making the faith of its believers all the more remarkable.
Reflection and Application
The church at Pergamos teaches us to hold fast to Christ even in the most challenging environments. Despite living in a city saturated with idolatry and opposition, they remained faithful to Jesus. Their example challenges us to stand firm in our faith, regardless of societal pressures or cultural compromise.
The mention of Antipas reminds us that even when the world ignores our sacrifices for Christ, He sees, knows, and honors us. Just as He commended Antipas, He will commend those who remain steadfast in Him.
Lastly, Jesus’ description of Himself as the one with the sharp two-edged sword reminds us of the authority and power of His Word. It convicts, judges, and ultimately restores. As we delve deeper into this letter, we will see how Jesus uses His Word to challenge and correct the church at Pergamos.
4. (14-15) What Jesus Has Against the Christians in Pergamos
"But I have a few things against you, because you have there those who hold the doctrine of Balaam, who taught Balak to put a stumbling block before the children of Israel, to eat things sacrificed to idols, and to commit sexual immorality. Thus you also have those who hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans, which thing I hate."
a. "I have a few things against you":
Jesus commended the church for their faithfulness in a difficult environment, but He could not overlook their compromises. Their commendable actions did not cancel out the issues He needed to address.
b. "You have there those who hold the doctrine of Balaam":
Balaam represents a prototype of corrupt teachers. According to Numbers 22-24 and 31, Balaam could not curse Israel directly as Balak, king of Moab, requested. Instead, he counseled Balak to corrupt Israel through idolatry and immorality, leading them to sin against God.
A stumbling block of idolatry and immorality:
The teaching of Balaam lured the Israelites into idolatry (eating things sacrificed to idols) and sexual immorality, two sins strongly condemned in Scripture. This doctrine crept into the church at Pergamos, showing a troubling tendency to accommodate the cultural norms of the time.Cultural pressure to conform:
In the Roman Empire, sexual immorality was a normalized aspect of life. To uphold Biblical standards of purity in such an environment required great courage and a willingness to go against the grain. The philosopher Cicero described the cultural attitude succinctly: young men indulging in many women was not only accepted but expected.
c. "You also have those who hold the doctrine of the Nicolaitans":
The doctrine of the Nicolaitans was another source of corruption in Pergamos. While the Ephesians rejected and hated this doctrine (Revelation 2:6), some in Pergamos embraced it.
Nicolaitans' teachings:
The term Niko-laos means "to conquer the people," and their doctrine included a hierarchical, authoritarian structure that subjugated the church. They also endorsed immorality and possibly idolatry, blending pagan practices with Christianity.
d. "You have those there… you also have those":
The rebuke extended beyond those who followed these false doctrines to include those who allowed it to continue unchecked. The church at Pergamos was tolerating false teaching and immoral behavior within their midst.
A parallel to Corinth:
This toleration echoes the problem in Corinth, where Paul rebuked the church for permitting sexual immorality and failing to address it (1 Corinthians 5:1-9). Pergamos displayed the same lack of discernment and discipline.Satan’s strategy:
When Satan could not defeat the church through persecution, as many in Pergamos held fast to Jesus, he turned to deception. He sought to destroy from within through compromise and corruption. This strategy moved from direct opposition to subtle infiltration: first violence, then alliance.
e. A lesson for today:
The church in Pergamos reminds us of the dangers of tolerating sin and false teaching for the sake of peace or cultural acceptance. While it may seem easier to compromise, Jesus’ rebuke shows that allowing corruption into the church undermines its integrity and witness.
A difficult environment never justifies compromise. Churches must guard against adopting worldly values and practices under the guise of relevance or unity. Christ calls His people to unwavering truth and holiness, no matter the cultural pressure to conform.
5. (16) What Jesus Wants the Church at Pergamos to Do
"Repent, or else I will come to you quickly and will fight against them with the sword of My mouth."
a. Repent:
The command to repent is clear and direct. Jesus calls the church to turn away from their compromise with false teaching and immorality. Notably, five of the seven churches in Revelation are commanded to repent, showing that repentance is an ongoing need, even for believers.
Repentance for Christians:
This command isn’t only for those who first come to faith but is a continual call for self-examination and returning to the truth whenever believers stray.
b. "Or else I will come to you quickly and will fight against them with the sword of My mouth":
If they refuse to repent, Jesus warns that He will come to them in judgment. The image of the two-edged sword is one of decisive, penetrating judgment, showing that Jesus will deal directly with those who continue in false teaching and immorality.
The sword of My mouth:
This phrase reminds us that Jesus judges through His Word, which pierces the soul and discerns the heart (Hebrews 4:12). The church at Pergamos would be confronted and corrected by the truth of His Word.Judgment begins with the house of God:
1 Peter 4:17 reminds us that God's judgment starts with His people. This warning shows that tolerance of sin and false teaching will not go unnoticed or unaddressed by Jesus.
6. (17a) A General Exhortation
"He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches."
a. "He who has an ear":
This invitation to listen applies to everyone willing to hear and heed the Spirit’s message. The issues faced by the church at Pergamos—false teaching, immorality, and compromise—remain dangers for the church today.
The ongoing relevance:
This exhortation shows that while these letters were addressed to specific churches, their warnings and lessons apply universally to all believers and congregations throughout history.
7. (17b) The Promise of a Reward
"To him who overcomes I will give some of the hidden manna to eat. And I will give him a white stone, and on the stone a new name written which no one knows except him who receives it.”
a. "To him who overcomes":
The overcomer is the one who resists compromise and remains faithful to Christ, even in a culture of spiritual corruption. Victory comes through dependence on Jesus, the ultimate overcomer (John 16:33).
b. "I will give some of the hidden manna to eat":
The hidden manna is a symbol of God’s perfect provision and fellowship. Just as God provided manna for Israel in the wilderness, He promises spiritual nourishment and sustenance to His faithful people.
Manna as heavenly provision:
This alludes to Jesus as the "bread of life" (John 6:41), who provides eternal sustenance for those who overcome.
c. "I will give him a white stone":
In the ancient world, white stones carried significant meaning.
Possible interpretations of the white stone:
A ticket to a banquet: White stones were often used as admission tokens for feasts, symbolizing entry into the eternal celebration with Christ.
A sign of friendship: White stones were exchanged as tokens of covenant relationships.
A symbol of acquittal: In ancient courts, a white stone indicated a verdict of innocence.
Assurance of blessing:
Whatever the specific meaning, the white stone represents the assurance of Christ's blessing and acceptance.
d. "And on the stone a new name written which no one knows except him who receives it":
This secret name likely signifies the intimate relationship between the believer and Christ.
The personal nature of the name:
Just as close relationships often include unique, private names, this new name symbolizes the special bond between Christ and the overcomer.Assurance of eternal destiny:
The new name may also represent the believer's secure identity and reservation in heaven, marking them as belonging to Christ forever.
Application:
The message to Pergamos is a sobering reminder to guard against compromise with sin and false teaching, no matter how challenging the cultural environment. The rewards for faithfulness—intimacy with Christ, provision, and eternal security—far outweigh any temporary ease gained through compromise. Believers are called to rely on Christ's Word as their ultimate guide and to stand firm in faith, even when surrounded by opposition.
D. Jesus’ Letter to the Church at Thyatira
1. (18a) The Character of the City of Thyatira
"And to the angel of the church in Thyatira write,"
a. Thyatira:
Thyatira was the smallest and least significant city among the seven churches addressed in Revelation 2 and 3. Historically, there is no record of severe political or religious persecution against the Christians in Thyatira.
A city of little importance:
The Roman author Pliny described Thyatira dismissively, grouping it with other “unimportant cities.” (Barclay)
b. Thyatira as a business hub:
Despite its lack of political prominence, Thyatira was a bustling center for commerce and trade, with numerous trade guilds that dominated the city's economy. Each guild had its patron deity, and participating in guild activities often required involvement in idolatrous practices.
Lydia of Thyatira:
Acts 16:14-15 mentions Lydia, a seller of purple cloth, who was from Thyatira. This trade in purple dye and fabric was one of the city's most renowned industries.Trade guilds and their influence:
Inscriptions found near Thyatira indicate it had more trade guilds than any other city of its size in Asia. These guilds included associations for various trades such as wool workers, linen workers, dyers, leather workers, and bronze smiths. (Barclay, Walvoord)
2. (18b) Jesus Describes Himself to the Church at Thyatira
"These things says the Son of God, who has eyes like a flame of fire, and His feet like fine brass:"
a. "The Son of God":
This title emphasizes Jesus’ deity, declaring His divine nature. In Jewish thought, to be called the "son of" something meant you shared the essence or nature of that thing. For example, the "sons of thunder" (Mark 3:17) were characterized by thunderous behavior. Therefore, as the Son of God, Jesus embodies the very nature of God Himself.
b. "Who has eyes like a flame of fire":
This imagery, drawn from Revelation 1:14, emphasizes Jesus’ penetrating gaze, which sees into the heart and discerns all things. His eyes symbolize righteous judgment that pierces through appearances and exposes truth.
c. "His feet like fine brass":
Taken from Revelation 1:15, this description highlights both purity and strength. Brass, refined in the fire, symbolizes holiness, while feet of brass represent steadfastness and strength. In ancient times, brass was the strongest metal known, making Jesus’ feet a symbol of His immovable authority and unyielding righteousness.
Key Application for Today:
Jesus’ portrayal in this passage calls us to recognize His divine authority, His ability to judge righteously, and His unwavering strength. As believers, we must live in a way that reflects the purity and steadfastness of Christ, avoiding compromise with idolatry, immorality, or worldly systems that draw us away from Him.
3. (19) What Jesus Knows About the Christians in Thyatira
"I know your works, love, service, faith, and your patience; and as for your works, the last are more than the first."
a. I know your works:
Even though Thyatira was the smallest and least significant city among the seven, it was not hidden from Jesus. As He does with all churches, Jesus assured them, “I know your works.” Nothing escapes His notice, whether great or small.
b. Love, service, faith, and your patience:
The church in Thyatira had many admirable qualities, making it a model in some ways. They excelled in love—both for the Lord and for one another. They were committed to service, showed great faith, and practiced patience in the face of difficulties. These qualities reflect spiritual maturity and devotion.
c. As for your works, the last are more than the first:
This is a commendation rarely found in Scripture. The church in Thyatira demonstrated spiritual growth; their current works exceeded their earlier efforts. They were growing in love, service, faith, and patience, which is a significant marker of a healthy and thriving church.
4. (20–21) What Jesus Has Against the Church at Thyatira
"Nevertheless I have a few things against you, because you allow that woman Jezebel, who calls herself a prophetess, to teach and seduce My servants to commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols. And I gave her time to repent of her sexual immorality, and she did not repent."
a. Nevertheless:
Despite the many good things Jesus saw in Thyatira, there was a significant problem. The word nevertheless signals that this problem could not be overlooked, despite the church’s admirable qualities.
b. You allow that woman Jezebel:
The heart of Thyatira’s problem was a woman whom Jesus symbolically referred to as Jezebel. This may not have been her real name but a reference to the infamous Old Testament queen who corrupted Israel (1 Kings 16-21, 2 Kings 9:30-37). Jezebel here likely refers to a woman in the church who claimed to be a prophetess, leading others into immorality and idolatry.
The name Jezebel:
This name carried a strong connotation of evil. Just as calling someone a "Judas" today conveys treachery, calling this woman "Jezebel" associated her with corruption, manipulation, and defiance of God.
c. Who calls herself a prophetess:
This Jezebel was not appointed by God but claimed the title for herself. Despite her claims, the church had failed to discern her falsehood and allowed her to operate within the congregation.
d. To teach and seduce My servants to commit sexual immorality and eat things sacrificed to idols:
Jezebel’s teachings led others into two specific sins: sexual immorality and idolatry. In a city dominated by trade guilds, participating in guild activities often involved pagan rituals and immorality. Jezebel encouraged believers to compromise their faith, perhaps under the guise of toleration or cultural conformity.
The pressure of the trade guilds:
Christians in Thyatira faced significant pressure to participate in guild meetings, which often included immoral and idolatrous practices. To refuse might mean losing their livelihood, but they were called to stand firm in the faith, regardless of the cost.
e. My servants:
This shows the severity of Jezebel’s sin—she was leading Jesus’ own servants astray. Her influence was not only personal but widespread, corrupting the body of Christ.
f. And I gave her time to repent… and she did not repent:
Jesus had shown Jezebel grace by giving her time to repent, but she rejected it. This reveals both the mercy of Jesus and His righteous judgment.
Time to repent:
Jesus always extends grace before judgment, but His grace has a limit. When repentance is refused, judgment follows. This is a sobering reminder to respond to the conviction of the Holy Spirit while there is time.
g. You allow:
The church’s sin was tolerating Jezebel. While they were growing in love, service, faith, and patience, they were also compromising by allowing this woman to lead others into sin.
A small group, big influence:
Even if Jezebel’s following was small, her influence was dangerous. A little leaven can corrupt the whole lump, and the church in Thyatira failed to deal with her sin.Lessons for today:
The church must remain vigilant against false teachings and sin within its body. While love and service are essential, they must not come at the expense of truth and holiness.
5. (22–25) What Jesus Wants the Church at Thyatira to Do
"Indeed I will cast her into a sickbed, and those who commit adultery with her into great tribulation, unless they repent of their deeds. I will kill her children with death, and all the churches shall know that I am He who searches the minds and hearts. And I will give to each one of you according to your works. Now to you I say, and to the rest in Thyatira, as many as do not have this doctrine, who have not known the depths of Satan, as they say, I will put on you no other burden. But hold fast what you have till I come."
a. I will cast her into a sickbed:
Before instructing the Christians in Thyatira, Jesus declared what He Himself would do. Jezebel and those who followed her were to face severe judgment, symbolized by being cast into a sickbed.
The sickbed:
This is a fitting image, as Jezebel and her followers indulged in spiritual and possibly physical adultery. Jesus essentially said, “If you love an unclean bed, here is one for you.” This could represent literal sickness or affliction allowed by Jesus as chastisement (as seen in passages like 1 Corinthians 11:30).Adultery, both spiritual and physical:
The reference to adultery encompasses both the immoral worship of false gods and unfaithfulness in their personal lives. Their unfaithfulness to the Lord was like that of a cheating spouse.A striking image:
The Greek word for "bed" could also refer to a reclining couch used for banquets. If this interpretation is correct, Jesus may have been declaring judgment on Jezebel and her followers as they feasted at their forbidden gatherings (Barclay).
b. Unless they repent of their deeds:
Jesus revealed His ultimate purpose in this chastening: to lead Jezebel and her followers to repentance. His judgment wasn’t merely punitive but redemptive, giving them another opportunity to turn from their sin.
Chastening with a purpose:
If they would not listen to Jesus’ words, He would speak through discipline. This judgment would also serve as an example of His holiness to other churches: “And all the churches shall know that I am He who searches the minds and hearts.”Searches the minds and hearts:
The phrase refers to the inner being of a person. In ancient Jewish thought, the heart was the center of intellect, and the kidneys represented emotions. Jesus declared that He knows every thought and feeling, leaving nothing hidden.
c. I will kill her children with death:
This statement underscores the severity of Jezebel’s sin and its consequences. Those who continued in her teachings and refused to repent would face divine judgment.
"Children" of Jezebel:
These were likely not her literal offspring but her spiritual followers—those who embraced her false doctrines and immoral practices.Killed with death:
This phrasing intensifies the judgment, emphasizing its finality and horror. Trapp commented, “All men die, but all are not killed with death.”
d. Hold fast what you have till I come:
Jesus encouraged the faithful believers in Thyatira to remain steadfast. They were already living in obedience, and their task was to stay the course.
To the faithful:
Not all in Thyatira followed Jezebel. To those who had not embraced her teachings or “the depths of Satan,” Jesus gave no new burdens but simply encouraged them to hold fast.Till I come:
The faithful were to persevere until Jesus’ return, when their struggle would finally end. This instruction emphasizes the ongoing nature of the Christian battle and the need for endurance.Encouragement to remain steady:
The words “hold fast” remind us that faithfulness requires perseverance. No matter how difficult or discouraging the circumstances, believers are called to stand firm until the Lord’s return.
6. (26–28) The Promise of a Reward
"And he who overcomes, and keeps My works until the end, to him I will give power over the nations—
‘He shall rule them with a rod of iron; They shall be dashed to pieces like the potter’s vessels’—
as I also have received from My Father; and I will give him the morning star."
a. He who overcomes, and keeps My works until the end:
Jesus acknowledged that immorality and idolatry might abound, even among those who claim His name. Yet, believers are called to endure, remain faithful, and cling to His works despite the challenges. Overcomers are not merely passive bystanders—they actively resist sin and persevere in righteousness.
Keeping His works until the end:
Faithfulness isn’t just about a good start; it’s about finishing well. Overcoming involves persistence and devotion to Jesus' commands and purposes.Encouragement amid discouragement:
Jesus reminds believers that even in the midst of corruption or spiritual compromise, His work continues through those who remain steadfast. His kingdom plan will not fail.
b. To him I will give power over the nations:
The overcomers are promised a share in Christ’s authority and reign during His kingdom.
Reigning with Christ:
This promise points to the millennial reign of Jesus, where believers will share in His administration of justice and mercy over the nations (Revelation 20:4-6)."He shall rule them with a rod of iron":
This imagery comes from Psalm 2, where the Messiah’s authority is described. It portrays the decisive and firm justice of Christ’s reign. The rebellious will be crushed like fragile clay pots under an iron rod, symbolizing His complete authority and the eventual triumph of righteousness.Hope for the faithful:
This promise reassures believers who feel powerless against the immorality and idolatry around them. Jesus reminds them that their faithfulness places them on His victorious side, giving them hope in their present struggles.Shepherding authority:
The word for "rule" in the original Greek (poimaino) carries the idea of shepherding—guiding, caring for, and administering justice and mercy. Believers will not only execute judgment but also extend Christ’s care to the nations (Walvoord).
c. I will give him the morning star:
Beyond reigning with Christ, overcomers are promised the ultimate reward: Jesus Himself, who is described as the Morning Star in Revelation 22:16.
The Morning Star:
This title symbolizes hope, light, and the promise of a new day. Jesus is the believer’s greatest reward—a personal and eternal relationship with Him.Greater than the kingdom:
Though the promise of ruling the nations is significant, receiving Jesus Himself as the Morning Star surpasses all other blessings. It highlights the intimate and eternal relationship between Christ and His faithful followers.
7. (29) A General Exhortation
"He who has an ear, let him hear what the Spirit says to the churches."
a. He who has an ear:
This exhortation emphasizes the universal application of this message. It calls everyone—then and now—to listen to what the Spirit says, not just to the church in Thyatira but to all the churches.
A message for all:
This letter applies to those who are like Jezebel, leading others into sin, as well as to those who follow such teachings. It also speaks to the faithful who must endure and hold fast to Christ in the face of temptation and spiritual corruption.A personal call:
The repeated phrase, "He who has an ear, let him hear," reminds us that each individual is responsible for responding to Jesus' message. The Spirit's words demand our attention and obedience.
Additional Lessons for Revelation 2
Ephesus: The Church That Left Its First Love
The message to Ephesus reminds us that love is the foundation of our relationship with Jesus. Without love, all our works, doctrine, and endurance are meaningless. Jesus calls us to remember the passion we had when we first believed, to repent, and to return to that deep, personal devotion. This isn’t about feeling emotional every moment, but about fostering a growing, deepening love that matures over time.
Ephesus teaches us that sound doctrine and hard work are vital, but they must flow out of a heart that loves Jesus above all else. The challenge for us today is to ask: Have we replaced intimacy with Christ with activity for Christ? If so, Jesus urges us to return to Him with renewed affection and devotion.
Smyrna: The Suffering Church
Smyrna stands as an example of unwavering faith in the face of persecution. This church was poor by worldly standards but rich in the eyes of Jesus. Their faithfulness in tribulation reveals that true wealth is measured not by possessions but by spiritual integrity and eternal rewards.
Jesus’ words to Smyrna remind us that trials refine our faith, preparing us for the crown of life. For modern believers, this is a call to endure hardships with confidence, knowing that Jesus has overcome the world. Even if the world turns against us, we have a Savior who walks with us through every fire. The crown of life awaits those who remain faithful, even to death.
Pergamos: The Compromising Church
Pergamos shows the dangers of mixing truth with error. The Christians here held fast to Jesus’ name, even in a city saturated with pagan worship and immorality. However, they tolerated false teachings like the doctrine of Balaam and the Nicolaitans, which led to compromise and sin within the church.
This is a warning to stand firm against cultural pressures that tempt us to blend the values of the world with the truth of Scripture. Jesus wields the sharp, two-edged sword of His Word, which cuts through compromise and calls us back to purity and holiness. The reward for those who overcome is hidden manna—God’s perfect provision—and a white stone symbolizing acceptance, victory, and a personal relationship with Him.
Thyatira: The Corrupted Church
Thyatira teaches us the importance of addressing sin within the church. While this church was commended for its love, service, faith, and patience, they tolerated a false teacher likened to Jezebel, who led others into immorality and idolatry. Jesus’ rebuke shows that love without truth leads to corruption.
The lesson for us is to hold fast to what is good and to confront sin with grace and truth. Jesus searches the minds and hearts, and His judgment is righteous. For those who overcome, there is the promise of ruling with Him and the gift of the morning star—a symbol of eternal fellowship with Christ Himself.
Key Themes for Modern Believers
Faithfulness Matters: Whether we face persecution like Smyrna or are tempted to compromise like Pergamos, Jesus calls us to remain faithful in our devotion to Him.
Truth and Love Must Go Together: Churches like Ephesus and Thyatira remind us that truth without love is cold, and love without truth is dangerous.
Repentance Is Non-Negotiable: Jesus repeatedly calls His churches to repent. This shows that no matter how far we’ve strayed, He offers the opportunity to turn back to Him.
Eternal Rewards Await the Faithful: The overcomers in each church are promised specific blessings. These promises remind us that our faithfulness has eternal significance.
Revelation 2 challenges us to examine our own hearts and churches. Are we holding fast to Jesus? Are we overcoming sin and compromise? Are we faithfully enduring trials? Jesus walks among His churches today, just as He did then, and His message is clear: Be faithful, hold fast, and live for eternity.
Additional Reflections for Revelation 2
Ephesus: Rekindling the Flame
The lesson from Ephesus underscores the danger of mechanical faith. It’s possible to be busy for God but disconnected from Him. This warning speaks to many modern believers who might prioritize ministry, service, or doctrinal defense over cultivating a personal relationship with Jesus.
Practical Application: Evaluate your love for Jesus. Is it fresh and vibrant, or have you become distant and routine in your faith? Revival begins by remembering what Jesus has done, repenting of distractions, and returning to the simplicity of loving Him first.
Smyrna: Strength in Suffering
The encouragement to Smyrna reveals that suffering isn’t a sign of God’s absence but of His refining presence. Tribulation exposes and strengthens our faith, making us fit for eternity. Jesus’ promise of the crown of life assures us that no pain is wasted in God’s plan.
Encouragement for Today: In a world increasingly hostile to Christian values, Smyrna reminds us that persecution may come, but Jesus remains sovereign. Hold fast to the truth, even when it costs you, knowing your reward is eternal.
Pergamos: Standing Against Cultural Compromise
Pergamos warns us about the subtle dangers of blending worldly values with biblical truth. The doctrine of Balaam (compromise with idolatry and immorality) and the Nicolaitans (abuse of authority and licentiousness) reflect temptations that continue to threaten the church.
Modern Warning: Are we tolerating behaviors, teachings, or influences that dilute God’s Word? Compromise often starts small but grows unchecked if not confronted. Stand firm, using the Word of God as the sharp, two-edged sword to discern truth from error.
Thyatira: The Cost of Tolerance
Thyatira highlights how tolerating sin—whether out of fear, indifference, or misplaced compassion—leads to corruption. The false prophetess Jezebel represents leaders and influences that entice believers into spiritual adultery. Jesus’ severe warnings about judgment and His call to repentance show that unchecked sin defiles the whole body.
Practical Takeaway: Speak truth in love, addressing sin within your own life and the church. Loving Jesus means standing for His righteousness, even when it’s uncomfortable.
Key Patterns to Observe
Jesus Knows Everything: In every letter, Jesus begins with "I know," showing His complete awareness of each church’s strengths and struggles. This should comfort and convict us—nothing escapes His notice.
Overcoming Is a Personal Call: In every message, Jesus calls individuals to overcome, regardless of their church’s situation. Spiritual victory is possible no matter the challenges, but it requires faithfulness, discernment, and dependence on Him.
Eternal Perspective Shapes Faithfulness: Each letter ends with a promise for overcomers, reminding believers to live with eternity in mind. Whether it’s the tree of life, the crown of life, or the morning star, these promises reflect the unimaginable blessings that await those who remain steadfast.
The Call for Today
Revelation 2 isn’t just a history lesson—it’s a living message for believers and churches in every generation. The challenge is to evaluate ourselves in light of these messages:
Are we loving Jesus with all our heart?
Are we willing to endure trials with faith?
Are we uncompromising in truth?
Are we confronting sin within ourselves and the church?
Jesus walks among His people today just as He did then. His call to repentance, perseverance, and faithfulness remains urgent. Let us heed His voice, overcome the challenges of this world, and live in the hope of eternal reward.
Ephesus: The Subtle Drift Away
The Danger of Routine: The church at Ephesus excelled in many ways but lost its heart connection with Jesus. This highlights how easy it is to fall into a “doing” mentality while neglecting the relationship that fuels genuine obedience.
Insightful Challenge: Ask the audience to consider: Are your spiritual routines drawing you closer to Jesus or just becoming habits? A daily renewal of love for Christ prevents stagnation.
Smyrna: Faith Refined by Fire
The Crown of Life as a Motivation: This reward isn’t just a symbol but a reality that reminds believers their endurance has eternal value. Encouraging the audience to focus on the eternal reward can help shift the perspective from temporary trials.
The Value of a Tested Faith: Trials and tribulations are not evidence of God’s disfavor but His work in refining His people. Emphasize James 1:12, which connects endurance under trial to the crown of life.
Pergamos: The Seduction of Half-Truths
False Teaching’s Slow Erosion: Address how deception often enters subtly. It may look “reasonable” or appealing but leads to compromise. Encourage vigilance in testing teachings against Scripture (1 John 4:1).
Cultural Application: Compare Pergamos’ struggles with modern pressures to normalize unbiblical behaviors under the guise of “progress” or “love.” This creates a bridge between ancient lessons and contemporary challenges.
Thyatira: The Cost of Tolerance
The Depths of Satan: This phrase could represent any teaching or practice that pretends to offer spiritual “maturity” while leading believers into deception. False teachers often present their doctrines as advanced or elite knowledge.
Firm Boundaries Matter: Thyatira teaches that tolerating a small compromise can lead to widespread corruption. Encourage the audience to examine whether they’ve allowed even small concessions to sin or falsehood in their lives.
Common Thread: Faithfulness Over Favor
Each of these churches faced pressure—whether from within or without—to compromise, give up, or conform. The central message is that Jesus values faithfulness above all, regardless of external circumstances.
Key Challenge for Reflection: Encourage self-assessment with this question: Are you staying faithful to Christ in your actions, beliefs, and priorities, even when the culture around you pushes otherwise?