Genesis Chapter 9
A. God’s covenant and instructions to Noah.
Genesis 9: The Post-Flood World and A New Beginning • New Order: not vegetarians anymore, capital punishment ordained and human government established • Sinful man was wiped out by the flood, but not sin • Noah’s Prophecy: “May God enlarge Japheth, And may he dwell in the tents of Shem; And may Canaan be his servant.”
1. (1-4) Instructions for living in a new world.
So God blessed Noah and his sons, and said to them: “Be fruitful and multiply, and fill the earth. And the fear of you and the dread of you shall be on every beast of the earth, on every bird of the air, on all that move on the earth, and on all the fish of the sea. They are given into your hand. Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you. I have given you all things, even as the green herbs. But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is, its blood.”
Post-Flood Changes The planet earth, after the flood was different in many ways. • The thermal blanket that protected the earth was gone • There was an end of a universal climate (tropical vegetation from ancient times and coal found in Antarctica) • Atmospheric pressure reduced 50% • Extended longevity now declines • More oceans, less land
Marriage is regarded as a divine institution for procreation of the race (Gen 2:22; Matt 19:5). Like Adam, Noah and his descendants give dominion over the animals.
They are no longer vegetarians. The digestion of blood is prohibited (not just for Jews; Cf. Council of Jerusalem, Acts 15:20, 29). Capital punishment is required.
a. Be fruitful and multiply: The world Noah entered from the ark was significantly different from the world he knew before. God gave Noah the same kind of mandate He gave Adam in the beginning of creation (Genesis 1:28) since Noah essentially began all over again.
b. Every moving thing that lives shall be food for you: Even as Adam received instructions for eating (Genesis 1:29, 2:15-17), so did Noah. Yet now, Noah received specific permission to eat animals, permission Adam was not given (as far as we know).
i. Perhaps this was because the earth was less productive agriculturally after the flood, because of the ecological changes mentioned in Genesis 9:1-3 and 8:22. Therefore God gave man permission to eat meat.
c. The fear of you and the dread of you shall be on every beast of the earth: If man now could and would eat animals, then God would help the animals. For their protection, God put in them a fear of mankind.
i. Again, presumably before the flood, man had a different relationship with the animals. God did not put this fear in animals because man did not look to them as food.
ii. “Did the horse know his own strength, and the weakness of the miserable wretch who unmercifully rides, drives, whips, goads, and oppresses him, would he not with one stroke of his hoof destroy his tyrant possessor? But while God hides these things from him he impresses his mind with the fear of his owner, so that… he is trained up for, and employed in, the most useful and important purposes.” (Clarke)
d. But you shall not eat flesh with its life, that is, its blood: God also commanded Noah that if animals were killed and eaten, there must be a proper respect for the blood, which represents the life principle in the animal (Leviticus 17:11, 17:14 and Deuteronomy 12:23).
i. The importance of the idea of blood in the Bible is shown by how often the word is used. It is used 424 times in 357 separate verses (in the New King James Version).
ii. The respect for blood isn’t based on mysticism or superstition, but simply because bloodrepresents the lifeof the being, whether animal or human. When bloodis poured out, lifeis poured out.
· Blood was the sign of mercy for Israel at the first Passover (Exodus 12:13).
· Blood sealed God’s covenant with Israel (Exodus 24:8).
· Blood sanctified the altar (Exodus 29:12).
· Blood set aside the priests (Exodus 29:20).
· Blood made atonement for God’s people (Exodus 30:10).
· Blood sealed the new covenant (Matthew 26:28).
· Blood justifies us (Romans 5:9).
· Blood brings redemption (Ephesians 1:7).
· Blood brings peace with God (Colossians 1:20).
· Blood cleanses us (Hebrews 9:14 and 1 John 1:7).
· Blood gives entrance to God’s holy place (Hebrews 10:19).
· Blood sanctifies us (Hebrews 13:12).
· Blood enables us to overcome Satan (Revelation 12:11).
2. (5-7) God gives to man the right and responsibility of capital punishment.
“Surely for your lifeblood I will demand a reckoning; from the hand of every beast I will require it, and from the hand of man. From the hand of every man’s brother I will require the life of man.
“Whoever sheds man’s blood,
By man his blood shall be shed;
For in the image of God
He made man.
And as for you, be fruitful and multiply;
Bring forth abundantly in the earth
And multiply in it.”
God is instructing man to be accountable for his actions. In ancient Israel there were no prisons or police. It was the family responsibility to avenge the blood of a kinsman. Lex Talionis: eye for an eye, life for a life, blood for blood was the concept. The law was to inflict capital punishment on its murderers, not accidental deaths. God is giving the responsibility to man to govern themselves. The execution of the law was neither to be retained in the Divine hand for miraculous administration, nor to be left in that of the private individual (the kinsman) to gratify revenge, but to be entrusted to society for enforcement by means or a properly-constituted tribunal. This was the commencement of social government among men, and the institution of the magisterial office, or the power of the sword.
a. Surely for your lifeblood I will demand a reckoning: According to God’s command, when a man’s blood is shed there must be an accounting for it because in the image of God He made man. Because man is made in the image of God, his life is inherently precious and cannot be taken without giving account to God.
i. By man his blood shall be shed means because life is valuable; when murder is committed the death penalty is in order.
ii. In its original languages, the Bible makes a distinction between killing and murder. Not all killing is murder because there are cases where there is just cause for killing (self-defense, capital punishment with due process of law, killing in a just war). There are other instances where killing is accidental. This is killing, but not murder.
iii. The Bible also consistently teaches that the punishment of the guilty is the role of human government (Romans 13:1-4) to restrain man’s depravity. It also teaches that the guilt of unpunished murder defiles a land (Numbers 35:31-34). As Luther said, “God establishes government and gives it the sword to hold wantonness in check, lest violence and other sins proceed without limit” (cited in Boice).
b. From the hand of every beast I will require it: To see the strength of God’s command, He even requires a reckoning for the life of man from every beast. God does not condone the unlawful killing of any kind.
c. Be fruitful and multiply: This point was repeated because it needed emphasis. The earth badly needed repopulating.
3. (8-11) God makes a covenant with man and with all of creation.
Then God spoke to Noah and to his sons with him, saying: “And as for Me, behold, I establish My covenant with you and with your descendants after you, and with every living creature that is with you: the birds, the cattle, and every beast of the earth with you, of all that go out of the ark, every beast of the earth. Thus I establish My covenant with you: Never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of the flood; never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth.”
God is establishing a covenant with all mankind (all gentiles, not just Jewish).
“I do set my bow in the cloud” is referring to the first rainbow. (Dr. Barry Setterfield calculated the reduction in velocity of light may have been involved.) The “bow” is the token of a God’s covenant and promise never to flood the entire planet earth. This commitment argues against those who think the flood was a “local” flood. The rainbow was God’s sign for peace with man. The scripture tells us it was a universal flood and he will not destroy the earth by water again. However, it is important to read the “fine print” of the scripture.
For this they willingly are ignorant of, that by the word of God the heavens were of old, and the earth standing out of the water and in the water: Whereby the world that then was, being overflowed with water, perished: But the heavens and the earth, which are now, by the same word are kept in store, reserved unto fire against the day of judgment and perdition of ungodly men. 2 Peter 3:5-7
God has promised not to overflow the earth with water again. Next time it will be by fire.
a. I establish My covenant: This covenant was made with mankind (you and your descendants after you), and even with the animals (every living creature that is with you). God promised He would never again destroy all with a flood or cover the earth with a flood. This was a repetition and clarification of the promise God made in Genesis 8:21-22.
i. “It cheered my heart, when thinking this matter over, to remember that although I depend upon covenant faithfulness, I am not alone in that dependence, for every living thing upon the face of the earth lives by virtue of the immutable covenant of God. Covenant engagements preserve the world from flood; were it not for that covenant, the tops of the mountains might be covered to-morrow.” (Spurgeon)
b. Never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth: God did not believe He did something wrong or too harsh in the flood. He made the promise because He did things in the post-flood world to guarantee that the exact evil conditions of the pre-flood world would never be precisely duplicated. These things included the imprisonment of the angels who sinned with human women (Jude 6) and shortening the lifespan of man.
i. However, when things again become similar to the days of Noah (Matthew 24:37), God will destroy the earth – but by fire, not by flood (2 Peter 3:1-7).
4. (12-17) The sign of God’s covenant.
And God said: “This is the sign of the covenant which I make between Me and you, and every living creature that is with you, for perpetual generations: I set My rainbow in the cloud, and it shall be for the sign of the covenant between Me and the earth. It shall be, when I bring a cloud over the earth, that the rainbow shall be seen in the cloud; and I will remember My covenant which is between Me and you and every living creature of all flesh; the waters shall never again become a flood to destroy all flesh. The rainbow shall be in the cloud, and I will look on it to remember the everlasting covenant between God and every living creature of all flesh that is on the earth.” And God said to Noah, “This is the sign of the covenant which I have established between Me and all flesh that is on the earth.”
It is interesting that the Antichrist is also characterized by a “bow.” The Hebrew word for “bow” is qesheth (תֶ ׁשֶ֫ ק ( (and the Greek word is toxon (τόξον) which means a “bow” or “token.” It is believed when the Antichrist (white horseman of Revelation) will come to power, he will enforce a covenant for seven years. A “bow” is a symbol of a covenant.
a. This is the sign of the covenant which I make between Me and you, and every living creature… the covenant between me and the earth: This impressive covenant was made not only between God and humanity, but God made the promise to all creation, including the animals and the earth itself.
b. I set My rainbow in the cloud: Because the blanket of water vapors was released in the flood and the water cycle of the earth changed after the flood, this may be the first occurrence of a rainbow. God used the rainbow as a sign to Noah and all generations that He would be faithful to His covenant.
c. It shall be for the sign of the covenant between Me and the earth: Every time we see a rainbow, we should remember the faithfulness of God and every one of His promises. He even says His covenant of peace with us is just as sure as His covenant with Noah and all generations.
i. For this is like the waters of Noah to Me; for as I have sworn that the waters of Noah would no longer cover the earth, so have I sworn that I would not be angry with you, nor rebuke you. For the mountains shall depart and the hills be removed, but My kindness shall not depart from you, nor shall My covenant of peace be removed, says the LORD, who has mercy on you (Isaiah 54:9-10).
d. I will look on it to remember the everlasting covenant: The other mentions of a rainbow in the Bible are set in the context of God’s enthroned glory (Ezekiel 1:28; Revelation 4:3). If God set a rainbow around his throne, it is impressive that He set so close to Himself a reminder of His promise to man.
i. God does not only look at the rainbow on earth and remember the covenant; He also looks at the rainbow that surrounds His throne. God is committed to remaining faithful to His covenant.
ii. One the same principle, the believer glories in the sovereignty of God, because he knows God’s sovereignty is on his side. It means no good purpose of God relating to the believer will ever be left undone.
B. Noah and his sons.
1. (18-19) The sons of Noah.
Now the sons of Noah who went out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth. And Ham was the father of Canaan. These three were the sons of Noah, and from these the whole earth was populated.
The phrase, “Ham is the father of Canaan” is mentioned twice and is interesting because the Canaanites become the main adversaries of Israel. Noah is referred to as a “husbandman” and this term means “man of the ground” or “farmer.” Joshua was referred to as “a man of war” (Joshua 5:4) and other terms used throughout scripture were “a man of blood” (2 Sam 16:7), “a man of cattle” (Gen 46:32) and “a man of words” (Ex 4:10; referring to Moses)
Wine • Noah plants a vineyard. There is nothing wrong with wine (Deut 20:6; 1 Cor 9:7); fermentation is a natural process • Beneficial (Judg 9:13; Ps 104:15; Prov 31:6; 1 Tim 5:23) • Symbol of blessings (Gen 27:28, 37; Prov 9:2; Isa 25:6; Matt 26:28,29) • Blessed by the Lord at Cana (John 2:9,10) • Drunkenness is condemned when wine is in excess (Prov 23:20; Isa 5:11, 22; Luke 21:34; Rom 13:13; 1 Cor 5:11; 6:10; Gal 5:21; Eph 5:18; 1 Thess 5:8)
There are special seasons when abstinence from wine as well as other gratifications of a physical kind is a duty (cf. Lev 10:9; Judg 13:4, 14; Ezek 44:21; Dan 1:5, 8, 16; Rom 14:21; 1 Cor 10:28), and it is competent to any Christian, for the sake of his weaker brethren, or as a means of advancing his own spiritual life, or for the glory of God, to renounce his liberty in respect of drinks. But that total abstinence is imperatively required of everyone is neither asserted in scripture nor was it taught by the example of Christ (Matt 11:19). To enforce it upon Christian men as a term of communion is to impose on them a yoke of bondage which Christ has not sanctioned, and to supplant Christian liberty by bodily asceticism. Wine in scripture is to cheer the heart (Judg 9:13; Ps 104:15) and alleviate the pain of the curse (Prov 31:6). (Grape juice arguments fail here.) Oenology is a valid pursuit if done in moderation (John 2:10; 1 Tim 5:23). Intoxication tends to lead to sensuality, in the cases of Lot (Gen 19:33), Ahasuerus (Est 1:10, 11) and Belshazzar (Dan 5:1-6).
a. The sons of Noah who went out of the ark were Shem, Ham, and Japheth: Noah’s three sons emerged from the catastrophe of the flood into a completely new world.
b. The whole earth was populated: From these three sons of Noah came the nations, as we know them. The descendants of these three sons are listed in the table of nations provided in Genesis 10.
2. (20-23) The sin of Ham, Noah’s son.
And Noah began to be a farmer, and he planted a vineyard. Then he drank of the wine and was drunk, and became uncovered in his tent. And Ham, the father of Canaan, saw the nakedness of his father, and told his two brothers outside. But Shem and Japheth took a garment, laid it on both their shoulders, and went backward and covered the nakedness of their father. Their faces were turned away, and they did not see their father’s nakedness.
The phrase “and he was uncovered” indicates the personal guilt of the patriarch.
“Saw Nakedness” For Ham to see the nakedness of his father was an indignity to the family. It is possible Ham could have used this indignity as an attempt at leadership or to discredit his father? There are several strange views regarding the above verse: • Some Rabbinical scholars believe Ham castrated Noah (they support this argument as Noah had no more children after this event?) • Some have proposed Ham slept with his (step?) mother and Canaan was the offspring of that union • Some believe Ham was involved in a homosexual attack on his father (they support this argument as Noah noticed when he woke up “something” had been done to him?)
galah The word “galah” is the verb involved and it means “to uncover”. In Leviticus 18:6-19, the word “galah” is used and all but one verse uses the causative form to indicate improper sexual behavior. However, Noah had already uncovered himself, (using the reflexive form of the verb; Lev 21).
But the Hebrew expression here probably means what it says, “Ham saw his father’s nakedness” (v. 22). He was not involved with Noah sexually, for in that case the Hebrew would be translated “he uncovered (causative form of galah) his father’s nakedness.” Instead Noah had already uncovered himself (wayyitgal, reflexive form, v. 21), and Ham saw him that way. An attempt by Ham to assert leadership may have been involved, and Noah’s prophecy concerning the ultimate subjection of Canaan’s descendants may have been a response. (What is overlooked by many commentators is the role of the rephaim among the tribes of Canaan.) Noah’s oracle (vv. 25-27) showed that the natures of his three sons would be perpetuated in their descendants. In all but one of the verses in Leviticus 18:6-19, Moses used the causative form of the verb galah to refer to the Canaanites (Ham’s descendants) “uncovering” another’s nakedness (rendered in the NIV is “have sexual relations”). This euphemism reports the actual licentious and repulsively immoral behavior of the descendants of Ham (cf. Lev 18:3). Ham’s disposition toward moral abandon thus bore fruit in the immoral acts of his descendants, the Canaanites.
a. Noah began to be a farmer: Making his way into the new world after the flood, Noah began to provide for himself and his family. He probably planted many things, among them a vineyard.
b. He drank of the wine and was drunk: This is the first mention of drunkenness in the Bible. Some think it was only after the flood that man made (or was able to make) intoxicating drink.
i. Noah’s own sinful and shameful actions show the foolishness of drunkenness. Well do the Proverbs say, Wine is a mocker, strong drink is a brawler, and whoever is led astray by it is not wise… Who has woe? Who has sorrow? Who has contentions? Who has complaints? Who has wounds without cause? Who has redness of eyes? Those who linger long at the wine, those who go in search of mixed wine. Do not look on the wine when it is red, when it sparkles in the cup, when it swirls around smoothly; at the last it bites like a serpent, and stings like a viper. Your eyes will see strange things, and your heart will utter perverse things (Proverbs 20:1, 23:29-33).
ii. It also shows the foolishness of those who claim God’s desire is to make people “drunk in the spirit” through the work of a “Holy Ghost Bartender.” When Ephesians 5:18 says, do not be drunk with wine, in which is dissipation; but be filled with the Spirit, it makes a contrast of the work of the Spirit with the effects of drunkenness.
iii. Alcohol is a depressant. It loosens people because it depresses their self-control, their wisdom, their balance, and judgment. The filling of the Holy Spirit has an exactly opposite effect. He is a stimulant, and He influences every aspect of our being to better and more perfect performance.
c. And became uncovered in his tent: It may be Noah was abused sexually by one of his sons or relatives. The phrase became uncovered and the idea of nakedness is sometimes associated with sexual relations (Leviticus 18:6-20).
i. This is repulsive, but not terribly surprising. Many people who get drunk become victims of abuse, sexual and otherwise. A large majority of the men and women involved in date-rape situations were drinking or taking drugs just before the attack. According to some statistics, half of all rapes involve alcohol.
ii. There are more costs to drunkenness. In the 1990s it was recorded that in the United States 100,000 people died each year in alcohol-related deaths, while alcohol abuse cost the nation hundreds of billions of dollars each year.
d. Saw the nakedness of his father: Others think Ham’s only sin here was in seeing Noah’s drunken, uncovered state, and that he made fun of him, mocking him as a father and as a man of God.
i. Literally, the ancient Hebrew says that Ham “told with delight” what he saw in his father’s tent. He determined to mock his father and was undermining his authority as a man of God.
3. (24-27) Noah’s curse upon Canaan.
So Noah awoke from his wine, and knew what his younger son had done to him. Then he said:
“Cursed be Canaan;
A servant of servants
He shall be to his brethren.”
And he said:
“Blessed be the LORD,
The God of Shem,
And may Canaan be his servant.
May God enlarge Japheth,
And may he dwell in the tents of Shem;
And may Canaan be his servant.”
Enslavement of Canaanites • The Canaanites were defeated and enslaved by the eastern kings (Gen 14) • The Gibeonites, under Joshua, became wood choppers and water carriers for Israel’s tabernacle (Josh 9:27) • In the Battle of Carthage (146 bc): the Phoenicians (Canaanites) were finally defeated by Rome
Ham’s attempt at leadership backfired and his line through Canaan would lead to subjection (vv. 26-27). The enslavement of the Canaanites is seen throughout the history of the Old Testament. The Canaanites would have to be dispossessed by Israel under Joshua in order for blessing to come on Shem (v. 26) and for the Japhethites to dwell in the tents of Shem (v. 27), meaning that the Japhethites would live with the Shemites on friendly terms, not that the Japhethites would dispossess the Shemites. Verses 24-29 actually set the foundation for Israel’s foreign policy in the land (Deut 20:16-18).
a. Knew what his younger son had done to him: This seems to indicate that whatever happened to Noah, it was more than one of his sons or grandsons seeing his nudity. This explains the strength of the curse.
b. Cursed be Canaan: It seems strange that if Ham sinned against Noah, that Canaan (Ham’s son) was cursed. Perhaps Canaan was also involved in this sin against Noah in a way not mentioned in the text. Perhaps the strongest punishment against Ham was for Noah to prophetically reveal the destiny of his son Canaan.
i. We can trust God is not punishing the son (Canaan) for the sin of the father (Ham). This goes against the heart and justice of God (Ezekiel 18:2-3). However, through Noah’s prophecy, God told Ham what would happen to his son.
c. May Canaan be his servant: In earlier generations, prejudiced people regarded the descendants of Canaan as black people from Africa, and they used the curse on Canaan to justify slavery. But black people did not come from Canaan. Canaan was the father of the near-eastern peoples, many of whom were conquered by Joshua when Israel took the Promised Land.
4. (28-29) The end of Noah’s days.
And Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years. So all the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years; and he died.
a. Noah lived after the flood three hundred and fifty years: Noah was a remarkable man who served God in his own generation. Yet his last years do not seem to match the glory of his first years.
b. All the days of Noah were nine hundred and fifty years: Noah was man of great triumph and of weakness. His godliness is remembered in the New Testament, marking him as a man of faith (Hebrews 11:7) and a preacher of righteousness (2 Peter 2:5).
